Dye conjugates of template-fixed peptidomimetics

ABSTRACT

Dye conjugates of template-fixed β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the general formula (I) wherein Z is a template-fixed chain of 14 α-amino acid residues which, depending on their positions in the chain (counted starting from the N-terminal amino acid), are Gly, or Pro or of certain types which, as the remaining symbols in the above formula, are defined in the description and the claims, and salts thereof, have CXCR4 antagonizing properties, and are useful for cancer therapy; diagnostic imaging; for detection of tumors and other abnormalities; for photoacoustic tumor imaging, detection and therapy; and for sonofluorescence tumor imaging, detection and therapy. The various dyes forming part of these conjugates are useful over the range of 300-1200 nm, the exact range being dependent upon the particular dye. These dye conjugates of β-hairpin peptidomimetic can be manufactured by processes which are based on a mixed solid- and solution phase synthetic strategy.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2005/004751, filed May 2, 2005, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides dye conjugates of template-fixed β-hairpin peptidomimetics incorporating a template-fixed chain of 14 α-amino acid residues which, depending on their positions in the chain, are Gly, Pro, or of certain types, as defined hereinbelow. These dye conjugates of template-fixed β-hairpin mimetics have CXCR4 antagonizing activity and are useful for therapy and diagnostic imaging; for detection of tumors and other abnormalities; for photoacoustic tumor imaging, detection and therapy; for sonofluorescence tumor imaging, detection and therapy; and for photodynamic therapy. They show improved efficacy, bioavailability, half-life and most importantly a significantly enhanced ratio between CXCR4 antagonizing activity and selectivity leading to enhanced localization in tumors on the one hand, and low cytotoxicity on the other.

In addition, the present invention provides efficient synthetic processes by which these compounds can, if desired, be made in parallel library-format.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of visible and near infrared (NIR) light in clinical practice is rapidly growing (Fanini S et al, Appl. Opt. 1998, 37, 1982-1989).

Compounds absorbing or emitting in the visible, or NIR, or long wave region of the electromagnetic spectrum are potentially useful for optical tomographic imaging, or endoscopic visualization.

Common methods for cancer diagnosis rely on the physical detection of a palpable tumor mass or the use of different forms of roentgenography, scintigraphy, ultrasound and imaging techniques for tissue imaging which require the presence of a significant tumor mass (Shaw M L et al, Invest. Radiol. 1993, 28, 138-139).

Large molecules such as antibodies have, for scintigraphic imaging, the disadvantage that they are preferably taken up by the liver and can elicit adverse immunogenic reactions in humans (Guyton, A C, textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia, Pa., W.B. Saunders CO 1996). Recent studies have demonstrated that attachment of chelating agents to small-molecular peptides can be used to target tumors without loss of receptor affinity (Kweckenboom D J et al, Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 1998, 25, 1284-1292).

Such advantages include enhanced localization in tumors, and rapid clearance from the blood.

Recently, it has been shown that the CXCR4-receptor is not only involved in the entry of HIV (N. Levy, Engl. J. Med., 335, 29, 1528-1530) but also in the chemotactic activity of cancer cells, such as breast cancer metastasis or metastasis of ovarian cancer (A. Muller, B. Homey, H. Soto, N. Ge, D. Catron, M. E. Buchanan, T. Mc Clanahan, E. Murphey, W. Yuan, S. N. Wagner, J. Luis Barrera, A. Mohar, E. Verastegui, A. Zlotnik, Nature 2001, 50, 410, J. M. Hall, K. S. Korach, Molecular Endocrinology, 2003, 1-47); non-Hodgin's Lymphoma (F. Bertolini, C. DellÀgnola, P. Manusco, C. Rabascio, A. Burlini, S. Monestiroli, A. Gobbi, G. Pruneri, G. Martinelli, Cancer Research 2002, 62, 3106-3112); lung cancer (T. Kijima, G. Maulik, P. C. Ma, E. V. Tibaldi, R:E. Turner, B. Rollins, M. Sattler, B. E. Johnson, R. Salgia, Cancer Research 2002, 62, 6304-6311); melanoma; prostate cancer; kidney cancer; neuroblastomia; pancreatic cancer; multiple myeloma; or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (H. Tamamura et al. Febs Letters 2003, 550 79-83). Blocking the chemotactic activity with a CXCR4 inhibitor should stop the migration of cancer cells.

The CXCR4 receptor has also been implicated in the growth and proliferation of tumors. It was shown that activation of the CXCR4 receptor was critical for the growth of both malignant neuronal and glial tumors, and small-cell lung tumors. Moreover, systemic administration of the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 inhibits growth of intracranial glioblastoma and medulloblastoma xenografts by increasing apoptosis and decreasing the proliferation of tumor cells (Rubin J B, Kung A L, Klein R S, Chan J A, Sun Y, Schmidt K, Kieran M W, Luster A D, Segal R A. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003 100(23):13513-13518; Barbero S, Bonavia R, Bajetto A, Porcile C, Pirani P, Ravetti J L, Zona G L, Spaziante R, Florio T, Schettini G. Stromal Cancer Res. 2003, 63(8):1969-1974; Kijima T, Maulik G, Ma P C, Tibaldi E V, Turner R E, Rollins B, Sattler M, Johnson B E, Salgia R. Cancer Res. 2002; 62(21):6304-6311, and Cancer Res. 2002; 62(11):3106-3112. High level of expression of chemokine receptors has been associated with tumor dissemination and poor prognosis for colorectal cancer (Schimanski C. C. et al, Clinical Cancer Research 2005 11, 1743-1750); prostate cancer (Arya M. et al, J. Experimental. Therapeutics and Oncology 2004, 4, 291-303); and malignant melanoma (Scala S. et al, Clinical Cancer Research 2005, 11, 1835-1841).

There is increasing evidence suggesting that chemokines in general, and the interaction between the chemoattractant CXCL12/stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha and its receptor CXCR4 in particular, play a pivotal role in angiogenesis. Chemokines induce angiogenesis directly by binding their cognate receptors on endothelial cells, or indirectly by promoting inflammatory cell infiltrates, which deliver other angiogenic stimuli. A number of pro-inflammatory chemokines including interleukin 8 (IL-8), growth-regulated oncogene, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), eotaxin 1, and I-309 have been shown to act as direct inducers of angiogenesis (Chen X, Beutler J A, McCloud T G, Loehfehn A, Yang L, Dong H F, Chertov O Y, Salcedo R, Oppenheim J J, Howard O M. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 9(8):3115-3123; Salcedo R, Oppenheim J J. Microcirculation 2003 (3-4):359-370).

Therefore, receptor specific tumor localization of dye-conjugated CXCR4-inhibitors is highly desirable and could in addition be used as inhibitors for treatment of cancer.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In the compounds described below, a new strategy is introduced to stabilize beta-hairpin conformations in dye conjugates of cyclic backbone-turn peptidomimetics which are exhibiting high CXCR4 antagonizing activity and having anticancer activity and which can be used as receptor-targeted contrast agents as well as in photodynamic therapy.

This involves transplanting the cationic and hydrophobic hairpin sequence onto a template, whose function is to restrain the peptide loop backbone into a hairpin geometry. The rigidity of the hairpin may be further influenced by introducing a disulfide bridge. Template-bound hairpin mimetic peptides have been described in the literature (D, Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, Adv. Med. Chem. 1999, 4, 1-68; J. A. Robinson, Syn. Lett. 2000, 4, 429-441), but such molecules have not previously been evaluated for development of CXCR4 antagonizing dye-conjugated peptides. However, the ability to generate β-hairpin peptidomimetics using combinatorial and parallel synthesis methods has now been established (L. Jiang, K. Moehle, B. Dhanapal, D. Obrecht, J. A. Robinson, Helv. Chim. Acta. 2000, 83, 3097-3112).

These methods allow the synthesis and screening of large hairpin mimetic libraries, which in turn considerably facilitates structure-activity studies, and hence the discovery of new molecules with highly potent CXCR4 antagonizing activity or anti cancer activity and low cyclotoxicity and which are useful for diagnostic imaging and therapy; for detection of tumors and other abnormalities; for photoacoustic tumor imaging, detection and therapy; and sonofluorescence tumor imaging, detection and therapy; for and photodynamic therapy.

The dye conjugates of β-hairpin peptidomimetics obtained by the approach described here are useful as anticancer agents, as inhibitors of tumor growth, as apoptosis inducing agents, or as anti-metastasis agents; or as diagnostic agents. For diagnostic purposes the present dye conjugates of template-fixed β-hairpin peptidomimetics can be used in a diagnostic kit, and for therapeutic purposes in pharmaceutical compositions.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows histograms of untransfected cells (continuous line) or CXCR4 transfected cells (dotted line) labeled with peptidomimetic-dye conjugates and analyzed by FACS.

FIG. 2 shows histograms from FACS analysis with Ex. 4 using different concentrations of Ex. 4 (0.1 nM, 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the present invention are compounds of the general formula

wherein

is a group of one of the formulae

wherein

is Gly or the residue of an L-α-amino acid with B being a residue of formula —NR²⁰H(R⁷¹)— or the enantiomer of one of the groups A1 to A69 as defined hereinafter; is a group of one of the formulae

-   R¹ is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R² is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R³ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁴ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁵ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁶ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁷ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye;         or -L-Dye; -   R⁸ is H; Cl; F; CF₃; NO₂; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl;     aryl-lower alkyl;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁹ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(are)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹), NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R¹⁰ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R¹¹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye;         or -L-Dye; -   R¹² is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;         —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;         —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye;         or     -   -L-Dye; -   R¹³ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R¹⁴ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁶;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SOR⁶²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye;         or -L-Dye; -   R¹⁵ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³⁸R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(a)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or -L-Dye -   R¹⁶ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R¹⁷ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(q)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R¹⁸ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)₃OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R¹⁹ is lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; or         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye-; or -   R¹⁸ and R¹⁹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R²⁰ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R²¹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye or -L-Dye; -   R²² is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)₈S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R²³ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R²⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R²⁵ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R²⁶ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye or -L-Dye; or -   R²⁵ and R²⁶ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(r)—; —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(r)—; or     -   —(CH₂)_(r)NR⁵⁷(CH₂)_(r)—; -   R²⁷ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)₃CO-L-Dye; or         -L-Dye; -   R²⁸ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R²⁰ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴L-Dye-;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R³⁰ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R³¹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)NR³⁴-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R³² is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R³³ is H; alkyl, alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)—CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹,         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s) SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye;         or -L-Dye; -   R³⁴ is H; lower alkyl; aryl, or aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R³³ and R³⁴ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R³⁵ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷—(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³⁶ is H, alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R³⁷ is H; F; Br; Cl; NO₂; CF₃; lower alkyl;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R³⁸ is H; F; Br; Cl; NO₂; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R³⁹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁴⁰ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁴¹ is H; F; Br; Cl; NO₂; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁴² is H; F; Br; Cl; NO₂; CF₃; alkyl; alkenyl;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye-;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁴³ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)₈SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye;         or -L-Dye; -   R⁴⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; or —(CH₂)_(r)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴⁵ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(s)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)₃PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(s)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O—; L-Dye     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(s)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁴⁶ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; or —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁴⁷ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye; or -L-Dye; -   R⁴⁸ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁴⁹ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷; (CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;     (CHR⁶¹)_(s)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SOR⁶²; r-(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye; —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S—; —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;     —(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or -L-Dye; -   R⁵⁰ is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁵⁷ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁵² is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)(CH—R⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁵³ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁵⁶; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(p)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SO₂R⁶²; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or     -   -L-Dye; -   R⁵⁴ is H; alkyl; alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁵;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)COOR⁵⁷; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸; -   R⁵⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl-lower alkyl;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COR⁶⁴;         —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)COOR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye;         or -L-Dye; -   R⁵⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl-lower alkyl;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁵⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹), —COR⁶⁴;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)CO-L-Dye; or -L-Dye; -   R⁵⁷ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl lower alkyl; or     heteroaryl lower alkyl; -   R⁵⁸ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower     alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁵⁹ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower     alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or -   R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁶⁰ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁶¹ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower alkyl;     heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR³⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; or —(CH₂)_(o)PO(COR⁶⁰)₂; -   R⁶² is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl, heteroaryl; or aryl-lower     alkyl; -   R⁶³ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl, heteroaryl; aryl-lower     alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl;     -   —COR⁶⁴; —COOR⁵⁷; —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —SO₂R⁶²; or —PO(OR⁶⁰)₂; or -   R³⁴ and R⁶³ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁶⁴ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; heteroaryl; aryl-lower     alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁶⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁶⁶;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CUR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴R⁶³;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸²; —(CHD_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³⁴-L-Dye;         or -L-Dye; -   R⁶⁵ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl, aryl-lower alkyl;     heteroaryl-lower alkyl; —COR⁵⁷;     -   —COOR⁵⁷; or —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   R⁶⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl;     heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or —CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; -   m is 2-4; o is 0-4; p is 1-4; q is 0-2; r is 1 or 2; s is 0 or 1; -   L is a direct bond or one of the linkers     -   —(CH₂)_(u)—; —(CH₂)_(u)CONR²⁰—; —N(R²⁰)CO(CH₂)_(u)—;         —OCO(CH₂)_(u)—; —(CH₂)u-CO₂—; —OCONH—; -   —OCO₂—; —HNCONH—; —HNCSNH—; —HNNHCO—; —OSO₂—; —NR(CH₂)_(u)CONR—;     —O(CH₂)_(u)O—; -   —CONR²⁰(CH₂)_(u)NR²⁰CO—; —NR²⁰CO(CH₂)_(u)CONR²⁰—; —S(CH₂)_(u)—;     —[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₂—; —[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₂CONR²⁰—,     —N(R²⁰)CO—[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₂—; —NR[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₂CONR—;     —CONR²⁰[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₂NR²⁰CO—; and     —NR²⁰CO[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₂CONR²⁰— where X is absent or —O—;     —NR²⁰—; —S—; or —SO₂—; u is 1-10, and t is 1-8;     the residue designated as “Dye” is an aromatic or an homoaromatic     radical derived from a dyestuff selected from the group consisting     of cyanines, indoyanines, phtalocyanines, rhodamines phenoxazines,     phenothiazines, phenoselenazins, fluoresceins, porpyrins,     squaraines, corrins, croconiums, azo dyes, methane dyes, indolenium     dyes, chlorophyll derivatives, chlorin derivatives, and     bacteriochlorin derivatives, all having a wavelength between 300 and     1200 nm; and     Z is a chain of 14 α-amino acid residues, the positions of said     amino acid residues in said chain being counted starting from the     N-terminal amino acid, whereby these amino acid residues are,     depending on their position in the chain, Gly, or Pro, or of formula     -A-CO—, or of formula —B—CO—, or of one of the types -   C: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)CO—; -   D: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)CO—; -   E: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)CO—; -   F: —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)CO—; -   LD: —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁶)CO—; and -   H: —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)₄₋₇—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;     -   —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)SS(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;         —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CO(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; or         —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR²⁰(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; -   R⁷¹ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁷⁵;     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁷⁵;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)COOR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)PO(OR⁶²)₂; —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶²; or     -   —(CH₂)_(o)—C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁷⁶; -   R⁷² is H, lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)OR⁸⁵; or     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)SR⁸⁵; -   R⁷³ is —(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷;     —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; or —(CH₂)_(r)NR²⁰(CH₂)_(o)R⁷⁷; -   R⁷⁴ is —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;     —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷R⁸⁰;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹R⁸⁰;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;         —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁶⁴; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰COR⁷⁷;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; or     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CO—[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₃ where X is —O—; —NR²⁰—,         or —S—; u is 1-3, and t is 1-6; -   R⁷⁵ is lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; or -   R⁷⁵ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁷⁶ is H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; aryl-lower alkyl;     —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁷²; —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁷²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴; —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵;         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸²;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁷⁵; —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹; —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂;         —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶²; or     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COR⁶⁴; -   R⁷⁷ is —C₆R⁶⁷R⁶⁸R⁶⁹R⁷⁰R⁷⁶; or a heteroaryl group of one of the     formulae

-   R⁷⁸ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁷⁸ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁷⁹ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R⁷⁸ and R⁷⁹, taken together, can be —(CH₂)₂₋₇—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; or     —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁸⁰ is H; or lower alkyl; -   R⁸¹ is H; lower alkyl; or aryl-lower alkyl; -   R⁸² is H; lower alkyl; aryl; heteroaryl; or aryl-lower alkyl; or -   R³³ and R⁸² taken together can form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; -   R⁸³ is H; lower alkyl; aryl; or —NR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; -   R⁸⁴ is —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR₆₁)_(s)OH; —(CH₂)_(P)COOR₈₀;     —(CH₂)_(m)(CBR₆₁)_(s)SH; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹;     —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; or     —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁷⁹; -   R⁸⁵ is lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; -   R⁸⁶ is —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)O-L-Dye; or     —(CH₂)_(p)(CHR⁶¹)_(s)S-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(o)-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(o)-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(o)-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(r)NR²⁰(CH₂)_(o)-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁷⁷-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁷⁸-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)N-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)O(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁷⁷-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(m)N═C(NR⁷⁸R⁸⁰)NR⁷⁹-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CNR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NOR⁵⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄C(═NNR⁷⁸R⁷⁹)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(r)S(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰C(═NR⁸⁰)NR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CO-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CO-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR₆₁)_(s)O-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)COO-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(m)(CHR₆₁)_(s)S-L-Dye; —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         —(CH₂)_(p)NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸-L-Dye;     -   —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄CONR⁷⁸-L-Dye; or —(CH₂)_(p)C₆H₄NR⁸⁰CONR⁷⁸-L-Dye;         with the proviso that in said chain of 14 amino acid residues Z,         the amino acid residues in positions 1 to 14 are:     -   P1: of type C, or of type D, or of type E, or of type F, or of         type LD, or the residue is Gly;     -   P2: of type E, or of type F, or of type I, or of type D, or of         type LD;     -   P3: of type E, or of type F; or of type D, or of type C, or type         LD, or the residue is Gly or Pro;     -   P4: of type D, or of type C or of type F, or of type E, or of         type LD;     -   P5: of type E, or of type F, or of type C, or of type LD;     -   P6: of type C, or of type D, or of type F, or of type LD, or the         residue is Gly or Pro;     -   P7: of type C, or of type D, or of Type LD, or of formula         -A-CO—, or the residue is Gly or Pro;     -   P8: of type E, or of Type F, or of type D, or of Type LD, or of         formula B-CO—, or the residue is Pro;     -   P9: of type F, or of type E, or of type D, or of Type LD, or the         residue is Pro;     -   P10: of type F, or of type D, or of type C or of type LD;     -   P11: of type D, or of type C, or of type F, or of type E, or of         type LD, or the residue is Pro;     -   P12: of type C, or of type D, or of type E, or of type F, or of         type LD;     -   P13: of type F, or of type E, or of type LD, or the residue is         Gly or Pro;     -   P14: or of type F, or of type E, or of type LD; or     -   P2 and P13 and/or P4 and P11, taken together, can form a group         of type H; at P4, P7, P8 and P11 D-isomers being possible;     -   with the further proviso that the molecule contains at least one         “Dye” moiety;         and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

In accordance with the present invention these dye-conjugates of O-hairpin peptidomimetics can be prepared by a process which comprises

(a) coupling an appropriately functionalized solid support with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is in position 6, 7 or 8, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (b) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (c) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is one position nearer the N-terminal amino acid residue, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (d) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) until the N-terminal amino acid residue has been introduced; (f) coupling the product thus obtained with a compound of the general formula

wherein

is as defined above and X is an N-protecting group or, alternatively, if

is to be group (a1) or (a2), above,

-   -   (fa) coupling the product obtained in step (e) with an         appropriately N-protected derivative of an amino acid of the         general formula         HOOC—B—H  III         or         HOOC-A-H  IV     -   wherein B and A are as defined above, any functional group which         may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being         likewise appropriately protected;     -   (fb) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus         obtained; and     -   (fc) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately         N-protected derivative of an amino acid of the above general         formula IV and, respectively, III, any functional group which         may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being         likewise appropriately protected;         (g) removing the N-protecting group from the product obtained in         step (f) or (fc);         (h) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately         N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired         end-product is in position 14, any functional group which may be         present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise         appropriately protected;         (i) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus         obtained;         (j) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately         N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired         end-product is one position farther away from position 14, any         functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino         acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected;         (k) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus         obtained;         (l) repeating steps (j) and (k) until all amino acid residues         have been introduced;         (m) if desired, selectively deprotecting one or several         protected functional group(s) present in the molecule and         appropriately substituting the reactive group(s) thus liberated,         if required by attaching one or several residues of formula         -L-Dye;         (n) if desired, forming one or two interstrand linkages between         side-chains of appropriate amino acid residues at opposite         positions of the β-strand region;         (o) detaching the product thus obtained from the solid support;         (p) cyclizing the product cleaved from the solid support;         (q) removing any protecting groups present on functional groups         of any members of the chain of amino acid residues and, if         desired, any protecting group(s) which may in addition be         present in the molecule; and         (r) if required, attaching one or several residues of formula         -L-Dye; and         (s) if desired, converting the product thus obtained into a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt or converting a         pharmaceutically acceptable, or unacceptable, salt thus obtained         into the corresponding free compound of formula I or into a         different, pharmaceutically acceptable, salt.

Alternatively, the peptidomimetics of the present invention can be prepared by

(a′) coupling an appropriately functionalized solid support with a compound of the general formula

wherein

is as defined above and X is an N-protecting group or, alternatively, if

is to be group (a1) or (a2), above,

-   -   (a′a) coupling said appropriately functionalized solid support         with an appropriately N-protected derivative of an amino acid of         the general formula         HOOC—B—H  III         or         HOOC-A-H  IV     -   wherein B and A are as defined above, any functional group which         may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being         likewise appropriately protected;     -   (a′b) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus         obtained; and     -   (a′c) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately         N-protected derivative of an amino acid of the above general         formula IV and, respectively, III, any functional group which         may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being         likewise appropriately protected;         (b′) removing the N-protecting group from the product obtained         in step (a′), or (a′c);         (c′) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately         N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired         end-product is in position 14, any functional group which may be         present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise         appropriately protected;         (d′) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus         obtained;         (e′) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately         N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired         end-product is one position farther away from position 14, any         functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino         acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected;         (f′) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus         obtained;         (g′) repeating steps (e′) and (f) until all amino acid residues         have been introduced;         (h′) if desired, selectively deprotecting one or several         protected functional group(s) present in the molecule and         appropriately substituting the reactive group(s) thus liberated,         if required by attaching one or several residues of formula         -L-Dye;         (i′) if desired, forming one or two interstrand linkages between         side-chains of appropriate amino acid residues at opposite         positions of the β-strand region;         (j′) detaching the product thus obtained from the solid support;         (k′) cyclizing the product cleaved from the solid support;         (l′) removing any protecting groups present on functional groups         of any members of the chain of amino acid residues and, if         desired, any protecting group(s) which may in addition be         present in the molecule; and         (m′) if required, attaching one or several residues of formula         -L-Dye; and         (n′) if desired, converting the product thus obtained into a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable         salt or converting a pharmaceutically acceptable, or         unacceptable, salt thus obtained into the corresponding free         compound of formula I or into a different, pharmaceutically         acceptable, salt.

The dye-conjugates of the peptidomimetics of the present invention can also be enantiomers of the compounds of formula I. These enantiomers can be prepared by a modification of the above processes in which enantiomers of all chiral starting materials are used.

As used in this description, the term “alkyl”, taken alone or in combinations, designates saturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 24 preferably up to 12, carbon atoms wherein the hydrogens may be substituted by Br, Cl, F. Similarly, the term “alkenyl” designates straight chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 24, preferably up to 12, carbon atoms and containing at least one or, depending on the chain length, up to four olefinic double bonds wherein the hydrogens may be substituted by Br, Cl, F. The term “lower” designates radicals and compounds having up to 6 carbon atoms. Thus, for example, the term “lower alkyl” designates saturated, straight-chain or branched hydrocarbon radicals having up to 6 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec.-butyl, isobutyl, tert.-butyl and the like. The term “aryl” designates aromatic carbocyclic hydrocarbon radicals containing one or two six-membered rings, such as phenyl or naphthyl, which may be substituted by up to three substituents such as Br, Cl, F, CF₃, NO₂, lower alkyl or lower alkenyl. The term “heteroaryl” designates aromatic heterocyclic radicals containing one or two five- and/or six-membered rings, at least one of them containing up to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, S and N and said ring(s) being optionally substituted; representative examples of such optionally substituted heteroaryl radicals are indicated hereinabove in connection with the definition of R⁷⁷.

The structural element -A-CO— designates amino acid building blocks which in combination with the structural element —B—CO— form templates (a1) and (a2). Templates (a) through (p) constitute building blocks which have an N-terminus and a C-terminus oriented in space in such a way that the distance between those two groups may lie between 4.0-5.5A. A peptide chain Z is linked to the C-terminus and the N-terminus of the templates (a) through (p) via the corresponding N- and C-termini so that the template and the chain form a cyclic structure such as that depicted in formula I. In a case as here where the distance between the N. and C-termini of the template lies between 4.0-5.5A the template will induce the H-bond network necessary for the formation of a β-hairpin conformation in the peptide chain Z. Thus template and peptide chain form a β-hairpin mimetic.

The β-hairpin conformation is highly relevant for the CXCR4 antagonizing activity of the β-hairpin mimetics of the present invention. The β-hairpin stabilizing conformational properties of the templates (a) through (p) play a key role not only for the selective CXCR4 antagonizing activity but also for the synthetic processes defined hereinabove, as incorporation of the templates at the beginning or near the middle of the linear protected peptide precursors enhances cyclization yields significantly.

Building blocks A1-A69 belong to a class of amino acids wherein the N-terminus is a secondary amine forming part of a ring. Among the genetically encoded amino acids only proline falls into this class. The configuration of building block A1 through A69 is (D), and they are combined with a building block —B—CO— of (L)-configuration. Preferred combinations for templates (a1) are -^(D)A1-CO—^(L)B—CO— to ^(D)A69-CO—^(L)B—CO—. Thus, for example, ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro constitutes the prototype of templates (a1). Less preferred, but possible are combinations -^(L)A1-CO—^(D)B—CO— to ^(L)A69-CO—^(D)B—CO— forming templates (a2). Thus, for example, ^(L)Pro-^(D)Pro constitutes the prototype of template (a2).

It will be appreciated that building blocks -A1-CO— to -A69-CO— in which A has (D)-configuration, are carrying a group R¹ at the α-position to the N-terminus. The preferred values for R¹ are H and lower alkyl with the most preferred values for R¹ being H and methyl. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art, that A1-A69 are shown in (D)-configuration which, for R¹ being H and methyl, corresponds to the (R)-configuration. Depending on the priority of other values for R¹ according to the Cahn, Ingold and Prelog-rules, this configuration may also have to be expressed as (S).

In addition to R¹, building blocks -A1-CO— to -A69-CO— can carry an additional substituent designated as R² to R¹⁷. This additional substituent can be H, and if it is other than H, it is preferably a small to medium-sized aliphatic or aromatic group. Examples of preferred values for R² to R¹⁷ are:

-   R²: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H;         or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; CF₃; lower alkyl;         lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R³: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—;     where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H;     or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵     taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—;     or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); (CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁴: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—;     where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H;     or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵     taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—;     or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁵: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁵⁷: where H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: alkyl;         alkenyl; aryl; and aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁶: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁷: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)CONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where     R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶:     lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴     taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—;     or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:     —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁹: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R¹⁰: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷ (CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R¹¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—;     where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H;     or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵     taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—;     or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R¹²: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—;     where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H;     or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵     taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—;     or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁶)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R¹³: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COO⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R¹⁴: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—;     where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H;     or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵     taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—;     or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R¹⁵: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); particularly favoured are NR²⁰COlower         alkyl (R²⁰═H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or     -   —(CH₂)₄C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R¹⁶: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R¹⁷: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(q)0R⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(q)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(q)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl; —(CH₂)_(r)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(r)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).

Among the building blocks A1 to A69 the following are preferred: A5 with R² being H, A8, A22, A25, A38 with R² being H, A42, A47, and A50. Most preferred are building blocks of type A8′:

wherein R²⁰ is H or lower alkyl; and R⁶⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl; aryl-lower alkyl; or heteroaryl-lower alkyl; especially those wherein R⁶⁴ is n-hexyl (A8′-1); n-heptyl (A8′-2); 4-(phenyl)benzyl (A8′-3); diphenylmethyl (A8′-4); 3-amino-propyl (A8′-5); 5-amino-pentyl (A8′-6); methyl (A8′-7); ethyl (A8′-8); isopropyl (A8′-9); isobutyl (A8′-10); n-propyl (A8′-11); cyclohexyl (A8′-12); cyclohexylmethyl (A8′-13); n-butyl (A8′-14); phenyl (A8′-15); benzyl (A8′-16); (3-indolyl)methyl (A8′-17); 2-(3-indolyl)ethyl (A8′-18); (4-phenyl)phenyl (A8′-19); and n-nonyl (A8′-20).

Additional preferred values for R⁶⁴ are —[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₃, wherein X is —O—; —NR²⁰—; or —S—; u is 1-3 and t is 1-6, such as CH₃—OCH₂CH₂—OCH₂— and CH₃—(OCH₂CH₂)₂—OCH₂—.

Building block A70 belongs to the class of open-chain α-substituted α-amino acids, building blocks A71 and A72 to the corresponding β-amino acid analogues and building blocks A73-A104 to the cyclic analogues of A70. Such amino acid derivatives have been shown to constrain small peptides in well defined reverse turn or U-shaped conformations (C. M. Venkatachalam, Biopolymers, 1968, 6, 1425-1434; W. Kabsch, C Sander, Biopolymers 1983, 22, 2577). Such building blocks or templates are ideally suited for the stabilization of O-hairpin conformations in peptide loops (D. Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, “Novel Peptide Mimetic Building Blocks and Strategies for Efficient Lead Finding”, Adv. Med Chem. 1999, Vol. 4, 1-68; P. Balaram, “Non-standard amino acids in peptide design and protein engineering”, Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1992, 2, 845-851; M. Crisma, G. Valle, C. Toniolo, S. Prasad, R. B. Rao, P. Balaram, “β-turn conformations in crystal structures of model peptides containing α,α-disubstituted amino acids”, Biopolymers 1995, 35, 1-9; V. J. Hruby, F. Al-Obeidi, W. Kazmierski, Biochem. J. 1990, 268, 249-262).

It has been shown that both enantiomers of building blocks -A70-CO— to A104-CO— in combination with a building block —B—CO— of L-configuration can efficiently stabilize and induce O-hairpin conformations (D. Obrecht, M. Altorfer, J. A. Robinson, “Novel Peptide Mimetic Building Blocks and Strategies for Efficient Lead Finding”, Adv. Med. Chem. 1999, Vol. 4, 1-68; D. Obrecht, C. Spiegler, P. Schönholzer, K. Miller, H. Heimgartner, F. Stierli, Helv. Chim. Acta 1992, 75, 1666-1696; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, J. Daly, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, K. Miiller, Tetrahedron 1995, 51, 10883-10900; D. Obrecht, C. Lehmann, C. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, K. Müller, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 1567-1587; D. Obrecht, U. Bohdal, C. Broger, D. Bur, C. Lehmann, R. Ruffieux, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 563-580; D. Obrecht, H. Karajiannis, C. Lehmann, P. Schönholzer, C. Spiegler, Helv. Chim. Acta 1995, 78, 703-714).

Thus, for the purposes of the present invention templates (a1) can also consist of -A70-CO— to A104-CO— where building block A70 to A104 is of either (D)- or (L)-configuration, in combination with a building block —B—CO— of (L)-configuration.

Preferred values for R²⁰ in A70 to A104 are H or lower alkyl with methyl being most preferred. Preferred values for R¹⁸, R¹⁹ and R²¹-R²⁹ in building blocks A70 to A104 are the following:

-   R¹⁸: lower alkyl. -   R¹⁹: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and         R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(o)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R²¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or (CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R²²: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁹)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R²³: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); particularly favoured are NR²⁰COlower         alkyl (R²⁰═H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or     -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); -   R²⁴: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)0R⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); particularly favoured are NR²⁰COlower         alkyl (R²⁰═H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷:         lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or     -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); -   R²⁵: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R²⁶: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where H; or lower lower alkyl; R³³: H;         or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷; H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁹)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).     -   Alternatively, R²⁵ and R²⁶ taken together can be —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl). -   R²⁷: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂″; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R²⁸: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl, or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R²⁰: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴(where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); particularly favored are         NR²⁰COlower-alkyl (R²⁰═H; or lower alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷         (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or     -   —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy).

For templates (b) to (p), such as (b1) and (c1), the preferred values for the various symbols are the following:

-   R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where     R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶:     lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴     taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—;     or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     —(CH₂)_(o)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:     —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl. -   R³⁰: H, methyl. -   R³¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         (—CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(r)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy); most preferred is —CH₂CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (R⁵⁸:         H; or lower alkyl; R⁵⁹: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl). -   R³²: H, methyl. -   R³³: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³⁴R⁶³ (where R³⁴: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R⁶³: H; or lower alkyl; or R³⁴ and R⁶³ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR⁷⁵R⁸²(where R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         R⁸²: H; or lower alkyl; or R⁷⁵ and R⁸² taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR⁷⁸R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R⁷⁸: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R⁷⁸ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl). -   R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl. -   R³⁵: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl). -   R³⁶: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl. -   R³⁷: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R³³: H;         or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³         and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R³⁸: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁸ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R^(s): H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R³⁹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or     lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷     (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹     (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl;     or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower     alkyl). -   R⁴⁰: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl. -   R⁴¹: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alley; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁹)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁴²: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl, or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁹)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl); or         —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁴³: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl; R³³:         H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower alkyl; or         R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;         —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); —(CH₂)_(o)PO(OR⁶⁰)₂ (where R⁶⁰: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SO₂R⁶² (where R⁶²: lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl); or —(CH₂)_(q)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁴⁴: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(p)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁸ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); or —(CH₂)_(o)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁴⁵: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(o)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷; H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)_(z)—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); or —(CH₂)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁴⁶: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(s)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(s)SR⁵⁶ (where R⁵⁶: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(s)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl; or lower     alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(s)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(s)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;         —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(o)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl; and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹         taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—;     -   —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower         alkyl); or —(CH₂)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower         alkyl; lower alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁴⁷: H; or OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl). -   R⁴⁸; H; or lower alkyl. -   R⁴⁹: H; lower alkyl; —(CH₂)_(o)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or     lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(o)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         (CH₂)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁵⁰: H; methyl. -   R⁵⁷: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         —(CH₂)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁵²: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; R⁵⁷: H;         or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         —(CH₂)_(s)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁵³: H; lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; —(CH₂)_(m)OR⁵⁵ (where R⁵⁵: lower     alkyl; or lower alkenyl); —(CH₂)_(m)NR³³R³⁴ (where R³³: lower alkyl;     or lower alkenyl; R³⁴: H; or lower alkyl; or R³³ and R³⁴ taken     together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or     -   —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);         —(CH₂)_(m)OCONR³³R⁷⁵ (where R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower         alkenyl; R⁷⁵: lower alkyl; or R³³ and R⁷⁵ taken together form:         —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)NR²⁰CONR³³R⁸² (where R²⁰: H; or lower lower alkyl;         R³³: H; or lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl; R⁸²: H; or lower         alkyl; or R³³ and R⁸² taken together form: —(CH₂)₂₋₆—;     -   —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where         R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(m)N(R²⁰)COR⁶⁴ (where: R²⁰: H; or lower alkyl; R⁶⁴: lower         alkyl; or lower alkenyl);     -   —(CH₂)_(p)COOR⁵⁷ (where R⁵⁷: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl);         —(CH₂)_(p)CONR⁵⁸R⁵⁹ (where R⁵⁸: lower alkyl; or lower alkenyl;         and R⁵⁹: H; lower alkyl; or R⁵⁸ and R⁵⁹ taken together form:     -   —(CH₂)₂₋₆—; —(CH₂)₂O(CH₂)₂—; —(CH₂)₂S(CH₂)₂—; or         —(CH₂)₂NR⁵⁷(CH₂)₂—; where R⁵⁷: H; or lower alkyl); or         —(CH₂)_(r)C₆H₄R⁸ (where R⁸: H; F; Cl; CF₃; lower alkyl; lower         alkenyl; or lower alkoxy). -   R⁵⁴: lower alkyl; lower alkenyl; or aryl-lower alkyl.

Among the building blocks A70 to A104 the following are preferred: A74 with R²² being H, A75, A76, A77 with R²² being H, A78 and A79.

The building block —B—CO— within templates (a1) and (a2) designates an L-amino acid residue. Preferred values for B are: —NR²⁰CH(R⁷¹)— and enantiomers of groups A5 with R² being H, A8, A22, A25, A38 with R² being H, A42, A47, and A50. Most preferred are

Ala L-Alanine Arg L-Arginine Asn L-Asparagine Cys L-Cysteine Gln L-Glutamine Gly Glycine His L-Histidine Ile L-Isoleucine Leu L-Leucine Lys L-Lysine Met L-Methionine Phe L-Phenylalanine Pro L-Proline Ser L-Serine Thr L-Threonine Trp L-Tryptophan Tyr L-Tyrosine Val L-Valine Cit L-Citrulline Orn L-Ornithine tBuA L-t-Butylalanine Sar Sarcosine t-BuG L-tert.-Butylglycine 4AmPhe L-para-Aminophenylalanine 3AmPhe L-meta-Aminophenylalanine 2AmPhe L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine Phe(mC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(pC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(mNHC L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine (NH₂)═NH) Phe(pNHC L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine (NH₂)═NH) Phg L-Phenylglycine Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine C₄al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine C₅al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine Nle L-Norleucine 2-Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine 1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine 4Cl-Phe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine 3Cl-Phe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine 2Cl-Phe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine 3,4Cl₂₋Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine 4F-Phe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine 3F-Phe L-3 -Fluorophenylalanine 2F-Phe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine Tic L-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid Thi L-β-2-Thienylalanine Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine Mso L-Methionine sulfoxide AcLys L-N-Acetyllysine Dpr L-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid A₂Bu L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid Dbu (S)-2,3-Diaminobutyric acid Abu γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Aha ε-Aminohexanoic acid Aib α-Aminoisobutyric acid Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine Bip L-Biphenylalanine S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine hCys L-Homo-cysteine hSer L-Homo-serine hArg L-Homo-arginine hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine Pip L-Pipecolic acid OctG L-Octylglycine MePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine MeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine MeAla L-N-Methylalanine MeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine MeVal L-N-Methvaline MeLeu L-N-Methylleucine AmPro (2S-4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid AmPRO(FHS) (2S,4R)-4-[6-(5(6)Fluorescein-carboxamido)- hexanamido]-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid

In addition, the most preferred values for B also include groups of type A8″ of (L)-configuration:

-   -   wherein R²⁰ is H or lower alkyl and R⁶⁴ is alkyl; alkenyl; aryl;         aryl-lower alkyl; heteroaryl-lower alkyl; or         —[(CH₂)_(u)—X]_(t)—CH₃ (where X is —O—; —NR²⁰—, or —S—; u is         1-3, and t is 1-6); especially those wherein R⁶⁴ is n-hexyl         (A8″-21); n-heptyl (A8″-22); 4-(phenyl)benzyl (A8″-23);         diphenylmethyl (A8″-24); 3-amino-propyl (A8″-25); 5-amino-pentyl         (A8″-26); methyl (A8″-27); ethyl (A8″-28); isopropyl (A8″-29);         isobutyl (A8″-30); n-propyl (A8″-31); cyclohexyl (A8″-32);         cyclohexylmethyl (A8″-33); n-butyl (A8″-34); phenyl (A8″-35);         benzyl (A8″-36); (3-indolyl)methyl (A8″-37); 2-(3-indolyl)ethyl         (A8″-38); (4-phenyl)phenyl (A8″-39); n-nonyl (A8″-40);         CH₃—OCH₂CH₂—OCH₂— (A8″-41) and CH₃—(OCH₂CH₂)₂—OCH₂— (A8″-42).

The peptidic chain Z of the β-hairpin mimetics described herein is generally defined in terms of amino acid residues belonging to one of the following groups:

-   -   Group C —NR²⁰CH(R⁷²)CO—; “hydrophobic: small to medium-sized”     -   Group D —NR²⁰CH(R⁷³)CO—; “hydrophobic: large aromatic or         heteroaromatic”     -   Group E —NR²⁰CH(R⁷⁴)CO—; “polar-cationic” and “urea-derived”     -   Group F —NR²⁰CH(R⁸⁴)CO—; “polar-non-charged or anionic”     -   Group LD —NR²⁰(R⁸⁶) “amino acid residue linked to a dye through         a direct bond or a linker”     -   Group H —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)₄₋₇—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;         -   —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(CH₂)_(p)SS(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR—;         -   —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CO(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—; and         -   —NR²⁰—CH(CO—)—(—(CH₂)_(p)NR²⁰CONR²⁰(CH₂)_(p)—CH(CO—)—NR²⁰—;             “interstrand linkage”

Furthermore, the amino acid residues in chain Z can also be of formula -A-CO— or of formula —B—CO— wherein A and B are as defined above. Finally, Gly can also be an amino acid residue in chain Z, and Pro can be an amino acid residue in chain. Z, too, with the exception of positions where interstrand linkages (H) are possible.

Group C comprises amino acid residues with small to medium-sized hydrophobic side chain groups according to the general definition for substituent R⁷². A hydrophobic residue refers to an amino acid side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH and that is repelled by aqueous solution. Furthermore these side chains generally do not contain hydrogen bond donor groups, such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines and the corresponding protonated salts thereof, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas. However, they may contain hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as ethers, thioethers, esters, tertiary amides, alkyl- or aryl phosphonates and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded small-to-medium-sized amino acids include alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine and valine.

Group D comprises amino acid residues with aromatic and heteroaromatic side chain groups according to the general definition for substituent R⁷³. An aromatic amino acid residue refers to a hydrophobic amino acid having a side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-electron system (aromatic group). In addition they may contain hydrogen bond donor groups such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines and the corresponding protonated salts thereof, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas, and hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as (but not limited to) ethers, thioethers, esters, tetriary amides, alkyl- or aryl phosphonates- and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded aromatic amino acids include phenylalanine and tyrosine.

A heteroaromatic amino acid residue refers to a hydrophobic amino acid having a side chain containing at least one ring having a conjugated π-system incorporating at least one heteroatom such as (but not limited to) O, S and N according to the general definition for substituent R⁷⁷. In addition such residues may contain hydrogen bond donor groups such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, primary and secondary amines and the corresponding protonated salts thereof, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas, and hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as (but not limited to) ethers, thioethers, esters, tetriary amides, alkyl- or aryl phosphonates- and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded heteroaromatic amino acids include tryptophan and histidine.

Group E comprises amino acids containing side chains with polar-cationic, acylamino- and urea-derived residues according to the general definition for substituen R⁷⁴. Polar-cationic refers to a basic side chain which is protonated at physiological pH. Genetically encoded polar-cationic amino acids include arginine, lysine and histidine. Citrulline is an example for an urea derived amino acid residue.

Group F comprises amino acids containing side chains with polar-non-charged or anionic residues according to the general definition for substituent R⁸⁴. A polar-non-charged or anionic residue refers to a hydrophilic side chain that is uncharged and, respectively anionic at physiological pH (carboxylic acids being included), but that is not repelled by aqueous solutions. Such side chains typically contain hydrogen bond donor groups such as (but not limited to) primary and secondary amides, carboxyclic acids and esters, primary and secondary amines, thiols, alcohols, phosphonates, phosphates, ureas or thioureas. These groups can form hydrogen bond networks with water molecules. In addition they may also contain hydrogen bond acceptor groups such as (but not limited to) ethers, thioethers, esters, tetriary amides, carboxylic acids and carboxylates, alkyl- or aryl phosphonates- and phosphates or tertiary amines. Genetically encoded polar-non-charged amino acids include asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, serine and threonine, but also aspartic acid and glutamic acid.

Group LD comprises amino acids containing side chains linked to a dye through a direct bond or a linker L according to the general definition for substituent R⁸⁶. Dyes useful for the present invention are described e.g. by Spikes et al. in Photosensitizing Compounds Their Chemistry, Biology and Clinical Use (Ciba Foundation Symposium 146, J. Wiley &Sons 189, 17-32; Jori et al, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 1992, 62, 371-378; Patonay et al, Anal. Chem. 1991, 63:6, 321A-327A; Joni et al, Light in Biology and Medicine, Volume 2 Plenum Press, New York, 1991, 253-266; J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Microscopy, Plenum, N.Y., 1998, X. F. Wang, B. Herman, Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy and Microscopy, W. T. Mason, Fluorescent Probes for Biological Activity, Academic Press, New York, 1993; O. S. Wolfbeis, Fluorescence Spectroscopy: New Methods and Applications, Springer, Heidelberg, 1993.

Dyes containing optionally a linker L useful for the present invention include but are not limited to:

Alexa Fluor® 647, Cascade Blue® ethylenediamine, Lissamine™, Rhodamine B ethylenediamine, Oregon Green® 488 cadaverine-5-isomer, Texas Red® cadaverine, 1-pyrenebutanoic acid, 1-pyreneacetic acid, N-(1-pyrenebutanoyl)cysteic acid, 7-methoxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, 6-((7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetyl)amino)hexanoic acid, 7-diethylaminocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid, 5-(4,6-dichlorotriazinyl)aminofluorescein, 6-carboxyfluorescein, 5-carboxyfluorescein, 6-(fluorescein-5-carboxamido)hexanoic acid, 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl [Dansyl], 6((5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonyl)amino)hexanoic acid, 2′,7′-dichloro-6-carboxy-4,7-dichlorofluorescein, 5-(and-6)-carboxyeosin, Fluorescein-5(6)-carboxamidocaproic acid, 6-carboxyrhodamine, Cascade Yellow, 6-(tetramethylrhodamine-5-(and-6)-carboxamido)hexanoic acid, Texas Red, 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene-4′-sulfonyl, 2-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl, 2-dimethylaminonaphthalene-6-sulfonyl, 4-((4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)azo)benzoic acid, Oregon Green 488-5-isomer, Oregon Green 488 cadaverine -5-isomer, Oregon Green 514, Rhodamine Green, Texas Red cadaverine, 5(6)-Carboxy-X-rhodamine, 6-Carboxy-X-rhodamine, 5-Carboxy-X-rhodamine, 5(6)-Carboxy-tetramethylrhodamine, 5-Carboxy-tetramethylrhodamine, 6-Carboxy-tetramethylrhodamine, Fluorescent Red 646, Fluorescence orange 548, Fluorescent-Red NIR 782, Fluorescent-Red NIR 730, Fluorescent-Red NIR 700, Fluorescent-Red NIR 680, Fluorescent-Red 610, Atto 520, Atto 532, Atto 550, Atto 565, Atto 590, Atto 610, Atto 620, Atto 635, Atto 647, Atto 655, Alto 680, 2-Methoxy-2,4-diphenyl-3(2H)-furanone, chlorophyll, bacteriochlorophyll, Cy3, Cy5, Cy5.5, Cy7, protoporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorine, chlorine e6, mesochlorin e6 and luthetium texaphyrin zinc phthalocyanine.

Group H comprises side chains of preferably (L)-amino acids at opposite positions of the β-strand region that can form an interstrand linkage. The most widely known linkage is the disulfide bridge formed by cysteines and homo-cysteines positioned at opposite positions of the β-strand. Various methods are known to form disulfide linkages including those described by: J. P. Tam et al. Synthesis 1979, 955-957; Stewart et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2d Ed., Pierce Chemical Company, III., 1984; Ahmed et al. J. Biol. Chem. 1975, 250, 8477-8482; and Pennington et al., Peptides, pages 164-166, Giralt and Andreu, Eds., ESCOM Leiden, The Netherlands, 1990. Most advantageously, for the scope of the present invention, disulfide linkages can be prepared using acetamidomethyl (Acm)-protective groups for cysteine. A well established interstrand linkage consists in linking ornithines and lysines, respectively, with glutamic and aspartic acid residues located at opposite O-strand positions by means of an amide bond formation. Preferred protective groups for the side chain amino-groups of ornithine and lysine are allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc) and allylesters for aspartic and glutamic acid. Finally, interstrand linkages can also be established by linking the amino groups of lysine and ornithine located at opposite β-strand positions with reagents such as N,N-carbonylimidazole to form cyclic ureas.

As mentioned earlier, positions for interstrand linkages are in positions P2 and P13 and/or P4 and P11 taken together. Such interstrand linkages are known to stabilize the β-hairpin conformations and thus constitute an important structural element for the design of β-hairpin mimetics.

Most preferred amino acid residues in chain Z are those derived from natural α-amino acids. Hereinafter follows a list of amino acids which, or the residues of which, are suitable for the purposes of the present invention, the abbreviations corresponding to generally adopted usual practice:

three letter code one letter code Ala L-Alanine A Arg L-Arginine R Asn L-Asparagine N Asp L-Aspartic acid D Cys L-Cysteine C Glu L-Glutamic acid E Gln L-Glutamine Q Gly Glycine G His L-Histidine H Ile L-Isoleucine I Leu L-Leucine L Lys L-Lysine K Met L-Methionine M Phe L-Phenylalanine F Pro L-Proline P ^(D)Pro D-Proline ^(D)P Ser L-Serine S Thr L-Threonine T Trp L-Tryptophan W Tyr L-Tyrosine Y Val L-Valine V

Other α-amino acids which, or the residues of which, are suitable for the purposes of the present invention include:

Cit L-Citrulline Orn L-Ornithine tBuA L-t-Butylalanine Sar Sarcosine Pen L-Penicillamine t-BuG L-tert.-Butylglycine 4AmPhe L-para-Aminophenylalanine 3AmPhe L-meta-Aminophenylalanine 2AmPhe L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine Phe(mC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(pC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(mNHC L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine (NH₂)═NH) Phe(pNHC L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine (NH₂)═NH) Phg L-Phenylglycine Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine C₄al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine C₅al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine Nle L-Norleucine 2-Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine 1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine 4Cl-Phe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine 3Cl-Phe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine 2Cl-Phe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine 3,4Cl₂-Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine 4F-Phe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine 3F-Phe L-3-Fluorophenylalanine 2F-Phe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine Tic 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid Thi L-β-2-Thienylalanine Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine Mso L-Methionine sulfoxide AcLys N-Acetyllysine Dpr 2,3-Diaminopropionic acid A₂Bu 2,4-Diaminobutyric acid Dbu (S)-2,3-Diaminobutyric acid Abu γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) Aha ε-Aminohexanoic acid Aib α-Aminoisobutyric acid Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine Bip L-(4-phenyl)phenylalanine S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine hCys L-Homo-cysteine hSer L-Homo-serine hArg L-Homo-arginine hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine 4-AmPyrr1 (2S,4S)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 4-AmPyrr2 (2S,4R)-4-Amino-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 4-PhePyrr1 (2S,5R)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 4-PhePyrr2 (2S,5S)-4-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 5-PhePyrr1 (2S,5R)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid 5-PhePyrr2 (2S,5S)-5-Phenyl-pyrrolidine-L-carboxylic acid Pro(4-OH)1 (4S)-L-Hydroxyproline Pro(4-OH)2 (4R)-L-Hydroxyproline Pip L-Pipecolic acid ^(D)Pip D-Pipecolic acid OctG L-Octylglycine NGly N-Methylglycine MePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine MeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine MeAla L-N-Methylalanine MeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine MeVal L-N-Methylvaline MeLeu L-N-Methylleucine DimK L-(N′,N′Dimethyl)-lysine Lpzp L-Piperazinic acid Dpzp D-Piperazinic acid Isorn L-(N′,N′-diisobutyl)-ornithine PipAla L-2-(4′-piperidinyl)-alanine PirrAla L-2-(3′-pyrrolidinyl)-alanine Ampc 4-Amino-piperidine-4-carboxylic acid NMeR L-N-Methylarginine NMeK L-N-Methyllysine NMePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine IPegK L-2-Amino-6-{2-[2-(2-methoxy- ethoxy)ethoxy]acetylamino}-hexanoic acid SPegK L-2-Amino-6-[2-(2methoxy-ethoxy)- acetylamino]-hexanoic acid Dab L-2,4-Diamino-butyric acid IPegDab L-2-Amino-4{2-[2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetylamino}-butyric acid SPegDab L-2-Amino-4[2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-acetylamino] butyric acid 4-PyrAla L-2-(4′Pyridyl)-alanine OrnPyr L-2-Amino- 5[(2′carbonylpyrazine)]aminopentanoic acid

Particularly preferred residues for group C are:

Ala L-Alanine Ile L-Isoleucine Leu L-Leucine Met L-Methionine Val L-Valine tBuA L-t-Butylalanine t-BuG L-tert.-Butylglycine Cha L-Cyclohexylalanine C₄al L-3-Cyclobutylalanine C₅al L-3-Cyclopentylalanine Nle L-Norleucine hCha L-Homo-cyclohexylalanine OctG L-Octylglycine MePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine MeNle L-N-Methylnorleucine MeAla L-N-Methylalanine MeIle L-N-Methylisoleucine MeVal L-N-Methylvaline MeLeu L-N-Methylleucine

Particularly preferred residues for group D are:

His L-Histidine Phe L-Phenylalanine Trp L-Tryptophan Tyr L-Tyrosine Phg L-Phenylglycine 2-Nal L-2-Naphthylalanine 1-Nal L-1-Naphthylalanine 4Cl-Phe L-4-Chlorophenylalanine 3Cl-Phe L-3-Chlorophenylalanine 2Cl-Phe L-2-Chlorophenylalanine 3,4Cl₂-Phe L-3,4-Dichlorophenylalanine 4F-Phe L-4-Fluorophenylalanine 3F-Phe L-3-Fluorophenylalanine 2F-Phe L-2-Fluorophenylalanine Thi L-β-2-Thienylalanine Tza L-2-Thiazolylalanine Y(Bzl) L-O-Benzyltyrosine Bip L-Biphenylalanine S(Bzl) L-O-Benzylserine T(Bzl) L-O-Benzylthreonine hPhe L-Homo-phenylalanine Bpa L-4-Benzoylphenylalanine PirrAla L-2-(3′-pyrrolidinyl)-alanine NMePhe L-N-Methylphenylalanine 4-PyrAla L-2-(4′Pyridyl)-alanine

Particularly preferred residues for group E are

Arg L-Arginine Lys L-Lysine Orn L-Ornithine Dpr L-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid A₂Bu L-2,4-Diaminobutyric acid Dbu (S)-2,3-Diaminobutyric acid Phe(pNH₂) L-para-Aminophenylalanine Phe(mNH₂) L-meta-Aminophenylalanine Phe(oNH₂) L-ortho-Aminophenylalanine hArg L-Homo-arginine Phe(mC(NH₂)═NH) L-meta-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(pC(NH₂)═NH) L-para-Amidinophenylalanine Phe(mNHC L-meta-Guanidinophenylalanine (NH₂)═NH) Phe(pNHC L-para-Guanidinophenylalanine (NH₂)═NH) DimK L-(N′,N′Dimethyl)-lysine Isorn L-(N′,N′-diisobutyl)-ornithine NMeR L-N-Methylarginine NMeK L-N-Methyllysine IPegK L-2-Amino-6-{2-[2-(2-methoxy- ethoxy)ethoxy]acetylamino}-hexanoic acid SPegK L-2-Amino-6-[2-(2methoxy-ethoxy)- acetylamino]-hexanoic acid Dab L-2,4-Diamino-butyric acid IPegDab L-2-Amino-4{2-[2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetylamino}-butyric acid SPegDab L-2-Amino-4[2-(2-methoxy-ethoxy)-acetylamino] butyric acid OrnPyr L-2-Amino-5- [(2′carbonylpyrazine)]aminopentanoic PipAla L-2-(4′-piperidinyl)-alanine

Particularly preferred residues for group F are

Asn L-Asparagine Asp L-Aspartic acid Cys L-Cysteine Gln L-Glutamine Glu L-Glutamic acid Ser L-Serine Thr L-Threonine Cit L-Citrulline Pen L-Penicillamine AcLys L-N^(ε)-Acetyllysine hCys L-Homo-cysteine hSer L-Homo-serine

Particularly preferred residues for group LD are

Lys(Dsl) L-N^(ε)-(Dansyl)-lysine Dpr(Dsl) L-N^(σ)-(Dansyl)-1,4-diaminobutyric acid Lys(FHS) L-N^(ε)-[6-(5(6)-Fluorescin carboxamido)-hexanamido]-lysine Lys(FITC) L-N^(ε)-[5(6)Fluorescinthioureido]-lysine Lys(Alx) L-N^(ε)-(Alexa Fluor 647)-lysine

Generally, the peptidic chain Z within the β-hairpin mimetics of the invention comprises 14 amino acid residues. The positions P1 to P14 of each amino acid residue in the chain Z are unequivocally defined as follows: P1 represents the first amino acid in the chain Z that is coupled with its N-terminus to the C-terminus of the templates (b)-(p), or of group —B—CO— in template (a1), or of group -A-CO— in template (a2); and P14 represents the last amino acid in the chain Z that is coupled with its C-terminus to the N-terminus of the templates (b)-(p), or of group -A-CO— in template (a1), or of group —B—CO— in template (a2). Each of the positions P1 to P14 will preferably contain an amino acid residue belonging to one of the above types C D, E, F, LD, H, or of formula -A-CO— or of formula —B—CO—, or being Gly, Pro as follows:

-   -   P1: of type C, or of type D, or of type E, or of type F, or of         type LD, or the residue is Gly or Pro;     -   P2: of type E, or of type D, or of type F, or of type LD;     -   P3: of type E, or of type F, or of type D, or of type C, or of         type LD, or the residue is Pro;     -   P4: of type D, or of type C, or of type F;     -   P5: of type E, or of type F,;     -   P6: of type C, or of type D, or of type F, or the residue is Gly         or Pro;     -   P7: of type C, or of type D, or of formula -A-CO—, or the         residue is Gly or Pro;     -   P8: of type E, or of Type F, or of type D, or of type LD, or the         residue is Pro;     -   P9: of type F, or of type E, or of type D, or the residue is         Pro;     -   P10: of type F, or of type D, or of type C;     -   P11: of type D, or of type C, or of type F, or of type E;     -   P12: of type C, or of type D, or of type F;     -   P13: of type F, or of type E, or of type D, or of type LD, or         the residue is Gly; and     -   P14: of type F, or of type E, or of type C, or of type LD; or     -   P2 and P13 and/or P4 and P11, taken together, form a group of         type H; at P4, P7, P8 or P11 D-isomers being possible;     -   with the proviso that the molecule contains at least one “Dye”         moiety.

The α-amino acid residues in positions 1 to 14 are most preferably:

-   -   P1: Tyr, His, Leu, Ser, or Lys (FHS);     -   P2: Arg, His, Lys, or —FHS;     -   P3: Cit; Thr, Tyr, Gln, or Lys (FHS);     -   P4: Cys;     -   P5: Arg, or Ser;     -   P6: Gly, or Ala;     -   P7: ^(D)Pro, or Pro;     -   P8: Arg, Phe, or Dpr (Dsl);     -   P9: Arg;     -   P10: 2-Nal, Trp, Tyr, or Phe;     -   P11: Cys;     -   P12: Tyr;     -   P13: Cit, Gln, or Lys (FHS); and     -   P14: Lys, Lys (Dsl), Gln, Lys (FHS), Lys (FITC), or Lys (Alx);     -   with the proviso that Cys at P4 and P11 can form a disulfide         bridge; and with the further proviso that that the molecule         contains at least one “Dye” moiety.

Particularly preferred dye-conjugates of β-peptidomimetics of the invention include those described in Examples 4, 5, 7, 10 and 16.

The processes of the invention can advantageously be carried out as parallel array syntheses to yield libraries of dye conjugates of template-fixed β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the above general formula I. Such parallel syntheses allow one to obtain arrays of numerous (normally 24 to 192, typically 96) compounds of general formula I in high yields and defined purities, minimizing the formation of dimeric and polymeric by-products. The proper choice of the functionalized solid-support (i.e. solid support plus linker molecule), templates and site of cyclization play thereby key roles.

The functionalized solid support is conveniently derived from polystyrene crosslinked with, preferably 1-5%, divinylbenzene; polystyrene coated with polyethyleneglycol spacers (Tentagel®); and polyacrylamide resins (see also Obrecht, D.; Villalgordo, J.-M, “Solid-Supported Combinatorial and Parallel Synthesis of Small-Molecular-Weight Compound Libraries”, Tetrahedron Organic Chemistry Series, Vol. 17, Pergamon, Elsevier Science, 1998).

The solid support is functionalized by means of a linker, i.e. a bifunctional spacer molecule which contains on one end an anchoring group for attachment to the solid support and on the other end a selectively cleavable functional group used for the subsequent chemical transformations and cleavage procedures. For the purposes of the present invention two types of linkers are used:

Type 1 linkers are designed to release the amide group under acidic conditions (Rink H, Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 3783-3790). Linkers of this kind form amides of the carboxyl group of the amino acids; examples of resins functionalized by such linker structures include 4-[(((2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamido)aminomethyl] PS resin, 4-[(((2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamido)aminomethyl]-4-methylbenzydrylamine PS resin (Rink amide MBHA PS Resin), and 4-[(((2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)Fmoc-aminomethypphenoxyacetamido) aminomethyl]benzhydrylamine PS-resin (Rink amide BHA PS resin). Preferably, the support is derived from polystyrene crosslinked with, most preferably 1-5%, divinylbenzene and functionalized by means of the 4-(((2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)Fmoc-aminomethyl)phenoxyacetamido) linker.

Type 2 linkers are designed to eventually release the carboxyl group under acidic conditions. Linkers of this kind form acid-labile esters with the carboxyl group of the amino acids, usually acid-labile benzyl, benzhydryl and trityl esters; examples of such linker structures include 2-methoxy-4-hydroxymethylphenoxy (Sasrin® linker), 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl-hydroxymethyl)-phenoxy (Rink linker), 4-(4-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)butyric acid (HMPB linker), trityl and 2-chlorotrityl.

Preferably, the support is derived from polystyrene crosslinked with, most preferably 1-5%, divinylbenzene and functionalized by means of the 2-chlorotrityl linker.

When carried out as a parallel array syntheses the processes of the invention can be advantageously carried out as described herein below but it will be immediately apparent to those skilled in the art how these procedures will have to be modified in case it is desired to synthesize one single compound of the above formula I.

A number of reaction vessels (normally 24 to 192, typically 96) equal to the total number of compounds to be synthesized by the parallel method are loaded with 25 to 1000 mg, preferably 100 mg, of the appropriate functionalized solid support.

The solvent to be used must be capable of swelling the resin and includes, but is not limited to, dichloromethane (DCM), dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dioxane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethanol (EtOH), trifluoroethanol (TFE), isopropylalcohol and the like. Solvent mixtures containing as at least one component a polar solvent (e.g. 20% TFE/DCM, 35% THF/NMP) are beneficial for ensuring high reactivity and solvation of the resin-bound peptide chains (Fields, G. B., Fields, C. G., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 4202-4207).

With the development of various linkers that release the C-terminal carboxylic acid group under mild acidic conditions, not affecting acid-labile groups protecting functional groups in the side chain(s), considerable progresses have been made in the synthesis of protected peptide fragments. The 2-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylalcohol-derived linker (Sasrin® linker, Mergler et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29 4005-4008) is cleavable with diluted trifluoroacetic acid (0.5-1% TFA in DCM) and is stable to Fmoc deprotection conditions during the peptide synthesis, Boc/tBu-based additional protecting groups being compatible with this protection scheme. Other linkers which are suitable for the process of the invention include the super acid labile 4-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl-hydroxymethyl)-phenoxy linker (Rink linker, Rink, H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 3787-3790), where the removal of the peptide requires 10% acetic acid in DCM or 0.2% trifluoroacetic acid in DCM; the 4-(4-hydroxymethyl-3-methoxyphenoxy)butyric acid-derived linker (HMPB-linker, Florsheimer & Riniker, Peptides 1991, 1990 131) which is also cleaved with 1% TFA/DCM in order to yield a peptide fragment containing all acid labile side-chain protective groups; and, in addition, the 2-chlorotritylchloride linker (Barlos et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3943-3946), which allows the peptide detachment using a mixture of glacial acetic acid/trifluoroethanol/DCM (1:2:7) for 30 min.

Suitable protecting groups for amino acids and, respectively, for their residues are, for example,

-   -   for the amino group (as is present e.g. also in the side-chain         of lysine)

Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl Boc tert.-butyloxycarbonyl Fmoc 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl Alloc allyloxycarbonyl Teoc trimethylsilylethoxycarbonyl Tcc trichloroethoxycarbonyl Nps o-nitrophenylsulfonyl; Trt triphenymethyl or trityl

-   -   for the carboxyl group (as is present e.g. also in the         side-chain of aspartic and glutamic acid) by conversion into         esters with the alcohol components

tBu tert.-butyl Bn benzyl Me methyl Ph phenyl Pac Phenacyl Allyl Tse trimethylsilylethyl Tce trichloroethyl;

-   -   for the guanidino group (as is present e.g. in the side-chain of         arginine)

Pmc 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethylchroman-6-sulfonyl Ts tosyl (i.e. p-toluenesulfonyl) Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl Pbf pentamethyldihydrobenzofuran-5-sulfonyl

-   -   for the hydroxy group (as is present e.g. in the side-chain of         threonine and serine)

tBu tert.-butyl Bn benzyl Trt trityl

-   -   and for the mercapto group (as is present e.g. in the side-chain         of cysteine)

Acm acetamidomethyl tBu tert.-butyl Bn benzyl Trt trityl Mtr 4-methoxytrityl.

The 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-(Fmoc)-protected amino acid derivatives are preferably used as the building blocks for the construction of the dye conjugates of template-fixed β-hairpin loop mimetics of formula I. For the deprotection, i.e. cleaving off of the Fmoc group, 20% piperidine in DMF or 2% DBU/2% piperidine in DMF can be used.

Dyes to be linked to amino acid derivatives directly or through a linker L to form an amino acid residue according to type LD, and -L-Dye moieties which may have to be linked to a template as contained in formula I are well known in the art. The procedure for introducing an L-Dye moiety can be accomplished in the following way: The Dye and the linker L can be coupled for example through an activation by conversion into an isocyanate or isothiocyanate, or by introducing halogen as a leaving group, or by activating reagents such as those described below depending on the type of linker. Procedures including, but not limited to, are as described in Hnatowich et al, Science 1983, 220, 613-615; Pelegrin et al, Journal of Cellular Pharmacology, 1992, 3, 141-145; Liche et al. in “Biomedical Imaging: Reporters, Dyes, and instrumentation”; D. J. Bornhop, Proceedings of SPIE, 1999, 3600, 29-25.

When building up the peptide chain, the quantity of the reactant, i.e. of the amino acid derivative, is usually 1 to 20 equivalents based on the milliequivalents per gram (meq/g) loading of the functionalized solid support (typically 0.1 to 2.85 meq/g for polystyrene resins) originally weighed into the reaction tube. Additional equivalents of reactants can be used, if required, to drive the reaction to completion in a reasonable time. The reaction tubes, in combination with the holder block and the manifold, are reinserted into the reservoir block and the apparatus is fastened together. Gas flow through the manifold is initiated to provide a controlled environment, for example, nitrogen, argon, air and the like. The gas flow may also be heated or chilled prior to flow through the manifold. Heating or cooling of the reaction wells is achieved by heating the reaction block or cooling externally with isopropanol/dry ice and the like to bring about the desired synthetic reactions. Agitation is achieved by shaking or magnetic stirring (within the reaction tube). The preferred workstations (without, however, being limited thereto) are Labsource's Combi-chem station and MultiSyn Tech's-Syro synthesizer.

Amide bond formation requires the activation of the α-carboxyl group for the acylation step. When this activation is being carried out by means of the commonly used carbodiimides such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC, Sheehan & Hess, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 1067-1068) or diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC, Sarantakis et al Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1976, 73, 336-342), the resulting dicyclohexylurea and diisopropylurea is insoluble and, respectively, soluble in the solvents generally used. In a variation of the carbodiimide method 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt, Konig & Geiger, Chem. Ber 1970, 103, 788-798) is included as an additive to the coupling mixture. HOBt prevents dehydration, suppresses racemization of the activated amino acids and acts as a catalyst to improve the sluggish coupling reactions. Certain phosphonium reagents have been used as direct coupling reagents, such as benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP, Castro et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, 14, 1219-1222; Synthesis, 1976, 751-752), or benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophoshate (Py-BOP, Coste et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 205-208), or 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl-)1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium terafluoroborate (TBTU), or hexafluorophosphate (HBTU, Knorr et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 1927-1930); these phosphonium reagents are also suitable for in situ formation of HOBt esters with the protected amino acid derivatives. More recently diphenoxyphosphoryl azide (DPPA) or O-(7-aza-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TATU) or O-(7-aza-benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU)/7-aza-1-hydroxy benzotriazole (HOAt, Carpino et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35, 2279-2281) have also been used as coupling reagents.

Due to the fact that near-quantitative coupling reactions are essential, it is desirable to have experimental evidence for completion of the reactions. The ninhydrin test (Kaiser et al., Anal. Biochemistry 1970, 34, 595), where a positive colorimetric response to an aliquot of resin-bound peptide indicates qualitatively the presence of the primary amine, can easily and quickly be performed after each coupling step. Fmoc chemistry allows the spectrophotometric detection of the Fmoc chromophore when it is released with the base (Meienhofer et al., Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 1979, 13, 35-42).

The resin-bound intermediate within each reaction tube is washed free of excess of retained reagents, of solvents, and of by-products by repetitive exposure to pure solvent(s) by one of the two following methods:

-   1) The reaction wells are filled with solvent (preferably 5 ml), the     reaction tubes, in combination with the holder block and manifold,     are immersed and agitated for 5 to 300 minutes, preferably 15     minutes, and drained by gravity followed by gas pressure applied     through the manifold inlet (while closing the outlet) to expel the     solvent; -   2) The manifold is removed from the holder block, aliquots of     solvent (preferably 5 ml) are dispensed through the top of the     reaction tubes and drained by gravity through a filter into a     receiving vessel such as a test tube or vial.

Both of the above washing procedures are repeated up to about 50 times (preferably about 10 times), monitoring the efficiency of reagent, solvent, and by-product removal by methods such as TLC, GC, or inspection of the washings.

The above described procedure of reacting the resin-bound compound with reagents within the reaction wells followed by removal of excess reagents, by-products, and solvents is repeated with each successive transformation until the final resin-bound fully protected linear peptide has been obtained.

Before this fully protected linear peptide is detached from the solid support, it is possible, if desired, to selectively deprotect one or several protected functional group(s) present in the molecule and to appropriately substitute the reactive group(s) thus liberated. To this effect, the functional group(s) in question must initially be protected by a protecting group which can be selectively removed without affecting the remaining protecting groups present. Alloc (allyloxycarbonyl) is an example for such an amino protecting group which can be selectively removed, e.g. by means of Pd° and phenylsilane in CH₂Cl₂, without affecting the remaining protecting groups, such as Fmoc, present in the molecule. The reactive group thus liberated can then be treated with an agent suitable for introducing the desired substituent. Thus, for example, an amino group can be acylated by means of an acylating agent corresponding to the acyl substituent to be introduced. If required, a Dye through a linker L forming an amino acid residue of type LD can be attached and/or an -L-Dye moiety can be linked to a template as contained in formula I.

Before this fully protected linear peptide is detached from the solid support, it is also possible, if desired, to form (an) interstrand linkage(s) between side-chains of appropriate amino acid residues at opposite positions of the β-strand region.

Interstrand linkages and their formation have been discussed above, in connection with the explanations made regarding groups of the type H which can, for example, be disulfide bridges formed by cysteine and homocysteine residues at opposite positions of the β-strand; or lactam bridges formed by glutamic and aspartic acid residues linking ornithine and, respectively, lysine residues, or by glutamic acid residues linking 2,4-diaminobutyric acid residues located at opposite β-strand positions by amide bond formation. The formation of such interstrand linkages can be effected by methods well known in the art.

For the formation of disulfide bridges, preferably a solution of 10 equivalents of iodine solution is applied in DMF or in a mixture of CH₂Cl₂/MeOH for 1.5 h which is repeated for another 3 h with a fresh iodine solution after filtering of the iodine solution, or in a mixture of DMSO and acetic acid solution, buffered with 5% with NaHCO₃ to pH 5-6 for 4 h, or in water after adjusting to pH 8 with ammonium hydroxide solution by stirring for 24 h, or in a solution of NMP and tri-n-butylphosphine (preferably 50 eq.).

Detachment of the fully protected linear peptide from the solid support is achieved by immersion of the reaction tubes, in combination with the holder block and manifold, in reaction wells containing a solution of the cleavage reagent (preferably 3 to 5 ml). Gas flow, temperature control, agitation, and reaction monitoring are implemented as described above and as desired to effect the detachment reaction. The reaction tubes, in combination with the holder block and manifold, are disassembled from the reservoir block and raised above the solution level but below the upper lip of the reaction wells, and gas pressure is applied through the manifold inlet (while closing the outlet) to efficiently expel the final product solution into the reservoir wells. The resin remaining in the reaction tubes is then washed 2 to 5 times as above with 3 to 5 ml of an appropriate solvent to extract (wash out) as much of the detached product as possible.

The product solutions thus obtained are combined, taking care to avoid cross-mixing. The individual solutions/extracts are then manipulated as needed to isolate the final compounds. Typical manipulations include, but are not limited to, evaporation, concentration, liquid/liquid extraction, acidification, basification, neutralization or additional reactions in solution.

The solutions containing fully protected linear peptide derivatives which have been cleaved off from the solid support and neutralized with a base, are evaporated. Cyclization is then effected in solution using solvents such as DCM, DMF, dioxane, THY and the like. Various coupling reagents which were mentioned earlier can be used for the cyclization. The duration of the cyclization is about 6-48 hours, preferably about 16 hours. The progress of the reaction is followed, e.g. by RP-HPLC (Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography). Then the solvent is removed by evaporation, the fully protected cyclic peptide derivative is dissolved in a solvent which is not miscible with water, such as DCM, and the solution is extracted with water or a mixture of water-miscible solvents, in order to remove any excess of the coupling reagent.

Alternatively the detachment and complete deprotection of the fully protected peptide from the solid support can be achieved manually in glass vessels.

Finally, the fully protected peptide derivative is treated with 95% TFA, 2.5% H₂O, 2.5% TIS or another combination of scavengers for effecting the cleavage of protecting groups. The cleavage reaction time is commonly 30 minutes to 12 hours, preferably about 2.5 hours. The volatiles are evaporated to dryness and the crude peptide is dissolved in 20% AcOH in water and extracted with isopropyl ether or other solvents which are suitable therefor. The aqueous layer is collected and evaporated to dryness, and the fully deprotected cyclic peptide derivative of formula I is obtained. If desired, a Dye, directly or through a linker L, forming an amino acid residue of type LD can be attached and/or an -L-Dye moiety can be linked to a template contained in formula I, so as to obtain the end-product.

Depending on its purity, this peptide derivative can be used directly for biological assays, or it has to be further purified, for example by preparative HPLC.

As mentioned earlier, it is thereafter possible, if desired, to convert a fully deprotected product of formula I thus obtained into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or to convert a pharmaceutically acceptable, or unacceptable, salt thus obtained into the corresponding free compound of formula I or into a different, pharmaceutically acceptable, salt. Any of these operations can be carried out by methods well known in the art.

The template starting materials of formula II used in the processes of the invention, pre-starting materials therefor, and the preparation of these starting and pre-starting materials are described in International Application PCT/EP02/01711 of the same applicants, published as WO 02/070547 A1.

The dye-conjugates of β-hairpin peptidomimetics of the invention can be used in a wide range of therapeutic applications where cancer is mediated or resulting from the CXCR4 receptor activity, or they can be used for diagnostic imaging. In particular, they can be used for detection of tumors and other abnormalities; for photoacoustic tumor imaging, detection and therapy; for sonofluorescence tumor imaging, detection and therapy; or in laser assisted surgery of micro tumors; or in a diagnostic kit wherein the dye-conjugates of the invention can be used for labeling tumor tissues or cells expressing the CXCR4-receptor.

The dye-conjugates of β-hairpin peptidomimetics may be administered per se or may be applied as an appropriate formulation together with carriers, diluents or excipients well known in the art.

When used to treat or prevent cancer such as breast cancer, brain cancer, prostate cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, neuroblastoma, non-hodgkin's lymphoma, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma, chronic lyphomphocytic leukemia, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, angiogenesis, haematopoetic tissues, or colorectal cancer, the dye-conjugates can be administered singly, as mixtures of several dye-conjugates, in combination with other therapeutic agents, such as antimicrobial agents or anti cancer agents or anti-inflammatory agents. The dye-conjugates can be administered per se or as pharmaceutical compositions.

The diagnostic compositions may be administered to a patient as described below to the organ or tissue to be imaged, and the patient then is subjected to the imaging procedure.

For imaging or therapy or diagnostic use, the dye-conjugates of the invention are allowed to accumulate in the region of interest, followed by illumination with the light of a wavelength 300 to 1200 nm at the site of the lesion. If the lesion is on the skin surface, the dye-conjugates can be directly illuminated, otherwise endoscopic catheters equipped with a light source may be employed to achieve e.g. phototherapeutic effects. The intensity, power duration of illumination and the wavelength of the light may vary widely depending on the location and site of the lesions.

The choice of any specific dye-conjugates of the present invention may vary widely depending on the contemplated application.

Pharmaceutical and/or diagnostic compositions comprising dye-conjugates of the invention may be manufactured by means of conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, coated tablet-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing processes. Such compositions may be formulated in conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable carriers, diluents, excipients or auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the active dye-conjugates into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically or for diagnostic purposes. Proper formulation depends upon the method of administration chosen.

For injections, the dye-conjugates of the invention may be formulated in adequate solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible buffers such as Hink's solution, Ringer's solution, or physiological saline buffer. The solutions may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the dye-conjugates of the invention may be in powder form for combination with a suitable vehicle, e.g., sterile pyrogen-free water, before use.

For transmucosal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation as known in the art.

For oral administration, the compounds can be readily formulated by combining the active dye-conjugates of the invention with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers well known in the art. Such carriers enable the dye-conjugates of the invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, dragees, capsules, liquids, gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions etc., for oral ingestion by a patient to be treated. For oral formulations such as, for example, powders, capsules and tablets, suitable excipients include fillers such as sugars, such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); granulating agents; and binding agents. If desired, desintegrating agents may be added, such as cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidones, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate. If desired, solid dosage forms may be sugar-coated or enteric-coated using standard techniques.

For oral liquid preparations such as, for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions, suitable carriers, excipients or diluents include water, glycols, oils, alcohols, etc. In addition, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents and the like may be added.

For buccal administration, the composition may take the form of tablets, lozenges, etc. formulated as usual.

For administration by inhalation, the dye-conjugates of the invention are conveniently delivered in form of an aeorosol spray from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g. dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, carbon dioxide or another suitable gas. In the case of a pressurized aerosol the dose unit may be determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Capsules and cartridges of e.g. gelatin for use in an inhaler or insufflator may be formulated containing a powder mix of the dye-conjugates of the invention and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.

The compounds may also be formulated in rectal or vaginal compositions such as suppositories together with appropriate suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.

In addition to the formulations described previously, the dye-conjugates of the invention may also be formulated as depot preparations. Such long acting formulations may be administered by implantation (e.g. subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection. For the manufacture of such depot preparations the dye-conjugates of the invention may be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (e.g. as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble salts.

In addition, other pharmaceutical delivery systems may be employed such as liposomes and emulsions well known in the art. Certain organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide may also be employed. Additionally, the dye-conjugates of the invention may be delivered using a sustained-release system, such as semipermeable matrices of solid polymers containing the therapeutic agent. Various sustained-release materials have been established and are well known by those skilled in the art. Sustained-release capsules may, depending on their chemical nature, release the compounds for a few weeks up to over 100 days. Depending on the chemical nature and the biological stability of the therapeutic agent, additional strategies for protein stabilization may be employed.

As the dye-conjugates of the invention may contain charged residues, they may be included in any of the above-described formulations as such or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts tend to be more soluble in aqueous and other protic solvents than are the corresponding free forms.

The dye-conjugates of the invention, or compositions thereof, will generally be used in an amount effective to achieve the intended purpose. It is to be understood that the amount used will depend on a particular application.

For systemic administration, a therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from in vitro assays. For example, a dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating dye-conjugate concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ as determined in the cell culture (i.e. the concentration of a test compound that is lethal to 50% of a cell culture). Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.

Initial dosages can also be determined from in vivo data, e.g. animal models, using techniques that are well known in the art. One having ordinary skill in the art could readily optimize administration to humans based on animal data.

Dosage amounts for applications as therapeutic agents may be adjusted individually to provide plasma levels of the dye-conjugates of the invention which are sufficient to maintain the therapeutic effect. Therapeutically effective serum levels may be achieved by administering multiple doses each day.

In cases of local administration or selective uptake, the effective local concentration of the dye-conjugates of the invention may not be related to plasma concentration. One having the ordinary skill in the art will be able to optimize therapeutically effective local dosages without undue experimentation.

The amount of dye-conjugates administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgement of the prescribing physician.

Normally, a therapeutically effective dose of the dye-conjugates described herein will provide therapeutic benefit without causing substantial toxicity.

Toxicity of the dye-conjugates of the invention can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., by determining the LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) or the LD₁₀₀ (the dose lethal to 100% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effect is the therapeutic index. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. The data obtained from these cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a dosage range that is not toxic for use in humans. The dosage of the dye-conjugates of the invention lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the effective dose with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within the range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. The exact formulation, route of administration and dose can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition (see, e.g. Fingl et al. 1975, In: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Ch. 1, p. 1).

The following Examples illustrate the invention in more detail but are not intended to limit its scope in any way. The following abbreviations are used in these Examples:

-   -   HBTU: 1-benzotriazol-1-yl-tetramethylurounium         hexafluorophosphate (Knorr et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30,         1927-1930);     -   HOBt: 1-hydroxybenzotriazole;     -   DIEA: diisopropylethylamine;     -   HOAT: 7-aza-1-hydroxybenzotriazole;     -   HATU: O-(7-aza-benzotriazole-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium         hexafluorophosphate (Carpino et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994, 35,         2279-2281).

EXAMPLES 1. Peptide Synthesis

Coupling of the First Protected Amino Acid Residue to the Resin

0.5 g of 2-chlorotritylchloride resin (Barlos et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1989, 30, 3943-3946) (0.83 mMol/g, 0.415 mmol) was filled into a dried flask. The resin was suspended in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 ml) and allowed to swell at room temperature under constant stirring for 30 min. The resin was treated with 0.415 mMol (1 eq) of the first suitably protected amino acid residue (see below) and 284 μl (4 eq) of diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) in CH₂Cl₂ (2.5 ml), and the mixture was shaken at 25° C. for 4 hours. The resin colour changed to purple and the solution remained yellowish. The resin was shaken (CH₂Cl₂/MeOH/DIEA: 17/2/1), 30 ml for 30 min; then washed in the following order with CH₂Cl₂ (1×), DMF (1×), CH₂Cl₂ (1×), MeOH (1×), CH₂Cl₂(1×), MeOH (1×), CH₂Cl₂ (2×), Et₂O (2×) and dried under vacuum for 6 hours.

Loading was typically 0.6-0.7 mMol/g.

The following preloaded resins were prepared: Fmoc-ProO-chlorotritylresin and Fmoc-(2S,-4R)-Boc-4-Amino-1-Fmoc-pyrrolidine-2 carboxy-chlorotritylresin.

Synthesis of the Fully Protected Peptide Fragment

The synthesis was carried out using a Syro-peptide synthesizer (Multisyntech) using 24 to 96 reaction vessels. In each vessel were placed 60 mg (weight of the resin before loading) of the above resin. The following reaction cycles were programmed and carried out:

Step Reagent Time 1 CH₂Cl₂, wash and swell (manual) 3 × 1 min. 2 DMF, wash and swell 1 × 5 min  3 40% piperidine/DMF 1 × 5 min. 4 DMF, wash 5 × 2 min. 5 5 equiv. Fmoc amino acid/DMF + 1 × 60 min.  5 eq. HBTU + 5 eq. HOBt + 5 eq. DIEA 6 DMF, wash 4 × 2 min. 7 CH₂Cl₂, wash (at the end of the synthesis) 3 × 2 min. Step 5 was repeated twice Steps 3 to 6 are repeated to add each amino-acid. Attachment of the Dye Label Procedure A Attachment of Dansyl Dye to the Selectively Deprotected Cyclized Peptide on the Resin:

The resin (0.040 mmol) containing the peptide was swollen in 5 ml of freshly distilled CH₂Cl₂ for 30 min and then the palladium catalyst Pd(PPh₃)₄, 14 mg, 0.3 eq, was added followed by PhSiH₃, 0.8 mmol, 20 eq. The resin was shaken for 2 h and the reaction solution was filtered off. The reaction was repeated again by employing the same amount of reagents, and after 2 h the resin was washed with CH₂Cl₂ and DMF and finally with Et₂O.

The resin was swollen again in freshly distilled CH₂Cl₂ (2 ml) for 30 min, the solvent was filtered off and the resin swollen in DMF for 1 h.

The resin (0.040 mmol) was swollen in freshly distilled DCM (2 ml) for 30 min and then the solvent was filtered off and the resin swollen in DMF (3 ml) for 1 h. Dansyl chloride 98% (Aldrich), 5 eq and DIPEA (dist.), 10 eq were dissolved in DMF (1.5 ml) and the resultant solution was added to the resin swollen in DMF (1.5 ml). The resin was shaken for 3 hours after which the coupling was completed as revealed by a Kaiser test and confirmed by LC MS analysis. Thereafter, the solution was filtered off and the resin was washed with DCM, DMF and finally with Et₂O.

Procedure B

Attachment of FITC Dye as Postmodification to the Final Deprotected Cyclized Peptide:

The peptide (1 μmol) was dissolved the in sodium tetraborate solution (0.2 ml), (pH=9) in a small vial wrapped in tin foil and then cooled down to ca. 4° C. in an ice bath. To the stirred solution the FITC dye (Fluorescein isothiocynate isomer I×HCl >99% 1.5 μmol) dissolved in DMF (0.03 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 hours at the same temperature. LC MS analysis revealed that the reaction was completed, and acetic acid 0.2 M (0.3 ml) was added. The solution was diluted with 0.5 ml of water/acetonitrile (90/10), filtered and was purified directly by HPLC.

After lyophilisation the products were obtained as white powders and analysed by ESI-MS. The analytical data comprising purity after preparative HPLC and ESI-MS are shown in Table 1.

Procedure C

Attachment of FHS Dye as Postmodification to the Final Deprotected Cyclised Peptide:

The peptide (1 μmol) was dissolved the in sodium tetraborate solution (0.2 ml) (pH=8) in a small vial wrapped in tin foil. To the stirred solution the FHS dye (Fluorescein-5(6)-carboxamidocaproic acid N-succinimidyl ester >75% purity, 2 μmol) dissolved in DMF (0.03 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 5 hours at room temperature. LC MS analysis revealed that the reaction was not completed after 5 hours (ca. 30% of unreacted peptide was found), but prolonged reaction time (>1 day) led to the formation of a more impure mixture and for this reason the reaction was quenched after 5 hours even if not complete. Acetic acid (0.2 M) (0.3 ml) was added and the solution was diluted with 0.5 ml of water/acetonitrile (90/10), filtered and was purified directly by HPLC.

After lyophilisation the products were obtained as white powders and analysed by ESI-MS. The analytical data comprising purity after preparative HPLC and ESI-MS are shown in Table 1.

Procedure D

Attachment of Alexa Fluor® 647 Dye as Postmodification to the Final Deprotected Cyclised Peptide:

The peptide (1.5 μmol) was dissolved in sodium tetraborate solution (0.36 ml) (pH=9) in a small vial wrapped in tin foil and then to the stirred solution the Alexa Fluor® 647 succinimid ester (0.75 mmol) dissolved in DMF (0.095 ml) was added and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. LC MS analysis revealed that the reaction was completed, and acetic acid (0.2 M) (0.5 ml) was added. The solution was diluted with 0.5 ml of water/acetonitrile (90/10), filtered and was purified directly by HPLC. After lyophilisation the products were obtained as white powders and analysed by ESI-MS. The analytical data comprising purity after preparative HPLC and ESI-MS are shown in Table 1.

Cyclization and Work Up of Backbone Cyclized Peptides

Cleavage of the Fully Protected Peptide Fragment

After completion of the synthesis, the resin was suspended in 1 ml (0.39 mMol) of 1% TFA in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) for 3 minutes, filtered and the filtrate was neutralized with 1 ml (1.17 mMol, 3 eq.) of 20% DIEA in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v). This procedure was repeated twice to ensure completion of the cleavage. The filtrate was evaporated to dryness and a sample of the product was fully deprotected [cleavage mixture containing 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 2.5% water and 2.5% triisopropylsilane (TIS)] to be analyzed by reverse phase-HPLC (column C₁₈) and ESI-MS to monitor the efficiency of the linear peptide synthesis.

Cyclization of the Linear Peptide

100 mg of the fully protected linear peptide were dissolved in DMF (9 ml, conc. 10 mg/ml). Then 41.8 mg (0.110 mMol, 3 eq.) of HATU, 14.9 mg (0.110 mMol, 3 eq) of HOAt and 1 ml (0.584 mMol) of 10% DIEA in DMF (v/v) were added, and the mixture was vortexed at 20° C. for 16 hours and subsequently concentrated under high vacuum.

The residue was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ and H₂O/CH₃CN (90/10: v/v). The CH₂Cl₂ phase was evaporated to yield the fully protected cyclic peptide.

Deprotection and Purification of the Cyclic Peptide

The cyclic peptide obtained was dissolved in 1 ml of the cleavage mixture containing 95% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 2.5% water and 2.5% triisopropylsilane (TIS). The mixture was left to stand at 20° C. for 2.5 hours and then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in a solution of H₂O/acetic acid (75/25: v/v) and the mixture was extracted with di-isopropylether.

Formation of Disulfide β-Strand Linkage

After deprotection, the crude peptide was dissolved in 9.5 ml of 5% AcOH (buffered with NaHCO₃ to pH 5-6) and 0.5 ml of DMSO were added. The solution was shaken for 3.5 hours and then the solvent was evaporated and the residue was purified by preparative reverse phase HPLC.

After lyophilisation the products were obtained as white powders and analysed by ESI-MS. The analytical data comprising purity after preparative HPLC and ESI-MS are shown in Table 1.

Analytical Method 1:

Analytical HPLC retention times (RT, in minutes) were determined using a Jupiter Proteo 90A, 50×2.0 mm Phenomenex column with the following solvents A (H₂O+0.1% TFA) and B (CH₃CN) and the gradient: 0 min: 95% A, 5% B; 8 min: 30% A 70% B; 9-10 min: 0% A, 100% B; 10.1-12 min: 95% A, 5% B.

Analytical Method 2:

Analytical HPLC retention times (RT, in minutes) were determined using a Jupiter Proteo 90A, 50×2.0 mm Phenomenex column with the following solvents A (H₂O+0.1% TFA) and B (CH₃CN+0.1% TFA) and the gradient: 0 min: 95% A, 5% B; 20 min: 40% A 60% B; 21-23 min: 0% A, 100% B; 23.1-31 min: 95% A, 5% B.

Examples 1 and 2 are shown in Table 1. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid Pro which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-ProO-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Pro-^(D)Pro-P14-P13-P12-P11-P10-P9-P8-P7-P6-P5-P4-P3-P2-P1. Thereafter procedure A was applied for Ex. 1 to attach the dansyl dye to the side chain of Lys at position 14 and for Ex. 2 to the side chain of Dab at position 8. The peptides were cleaved from the resin, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated above.

HPLC-retention times (minutes) were determined using the gradient method 1 as described above:

Ex. 1 (4.98); Ex. 2 (4.62);

Examples 3, 5, 6, 8 and 9 are shown in Table 1. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid Pro which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-ProO-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Pro-^(D)Pro-P14-P13-P12-P11-P10-P9-P8-P7-P6-P5-P4-P3-P2-P1. Thereafter they were cleaved from the resin, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated above. Then procedure C was applied for Ex. 3 to attach the FHS dye to the side chain of Lys at Position 1, for Ex. 5 to the side chain of Lys at Position 3, for Ex. 6 to the side chain of Lys at position 14; for Ex. 8 to the side chain of Lys at Position 13, and for Ex 9 to the side chain of Lys at position 2.

HPLC-retention times (minutes) were determined using the gradient method 1 as described above:

Ex. 3 (3.84); Ex. 5 (3.94); Ex. 6 (4.24); Ex. 8 (4.02); Ex. 9 (4.01).

Example 4 is shown in Table 1. The peptide was synthesized starting with the amino acid AmPro which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-(2S,-4R)-Boc-4-Amino-1-Fmoc-pyrrolidine-2 carboxy-chlorotritylresin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptide was synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-(2S,-4R)-Boc-4-Amino-1-Fmoc-pyrrolidine-2 carboxy-^(D)Pro-P14-P13-P12-P11-P10-P9-P8-P7-P6-P5-P4-P3-P2-P1. Thereafter it was cleaved from the resin, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated above. Then procedure C was applied to attach the FHS dye to the amino function of (2S,-4R)-4-Amino-1-pyrrolidine-2 carboxylic acid

HPLC-retention time (minutes) was determined using the gradient method 1 as described above:

Ex. 4 (3.81)

Example 10 is shown in Table 1. The peptide was synthesized starting with the amino acid Pro which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-ProO-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptide was synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Pro-^(D)Pro-P14-P13-P12-P11-P10-P9-P8-P7-P6-P5-P4-P3-P2-P1. Thereafter it was cleaved from the resin, cyclized, deprotected and purified as indicated above. Then procedure D was applied to attach the Alexa Fluor 647 dye to the side chain of Lys. HPLC-retention time (minutes) was determined using the gradient method 1 as described above:

Ex. 10 (3.63)

Examples 7 and 11-18 are shown in Table 1. The peptides were synthesized starting with the amino acid Pro which was grafted to the resin. Starting resin was Fmoc-ProO-chlorotrityl resin, which was prepared as described above. The linear peptides were synthesized on solid support according to the procedure described above in the following sequence: Resin-Pro-^(D)Pro-P14-P13-P12-P11-P10-P9-P8-P7-P6-P5-P4-P3-P2-P1. Thereafter they were cleaved from the resin, cyclized, deprotected and purified as described above. Then procedure B was applied to attach the FITC dye to the side chain of Lys at position 14.

HPLC-retention time (minutes) was determined using the gradient method 1 as described above: Ex. 7 (4.25)

HPLC-retention times (minutes) were determined using the gradient method 2 as described above:

Ex. 11 (12.58); Ex. 12 (13.17); Ex. 13 (12.28); Ex. 14 (13.11); Ex. 15 (12.50); Ex. 16 (14.43); Ex. 17 (12.55); Ex. 18 (13.70).

TABLE 1 Examples Example Sequ. ID P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 P13 1 SEQ ID NO: 1 Tyr Arg Cit Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Arg Arg Trp Cys Tyr Cit 2 SEQ ID NO: 2 Tyr Arg Cit Cys Arg Gly Pro Dpr Arg Trp Cys Tyr Cit (Dsl) 3 SEQ ID NO: 3 Lys Arg Cit Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Arg Arg Trp Cys Tyr Cit (FHS) 4 SEQ ID NO: 4 Tyr Arg Cit Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Arg Arg Trp Cys Tyr Cit 5 SEQ ID NO: 5 Tyr Arg Lys Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Arg Arg Trp Cys Tyr Cit (FHS) 6 SEQ ID NO: 6 Tyr Arg Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Arg Arg 2-Nal Cys Tyr Cit 7 SEQ ID NO: 7 Tyr Arg Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Arg Arg 2-Nal Cys Tyr Cit 8 SEQ ID NO: 8 Tyr Arg Cit Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Arg Arg Trp Cys Tyr Lys (FHS) 9 SEQ ID NO: 9 Tyr Lys Cit Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Arg Arg Trp Cys Tyr Cit (FHS) 10 SEQ ID NO: 10 Tyr Arg Thr Cys Arg Gly Pro Arg Arg 2-Nal Cys Tyr Cit 11 SEQ ID NO: 11 His His Gln Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Phe Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln 12 SEQ ID NO: 12 Leu His Thr Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Arg Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln 13 SEQ ID NO: 13 His His Tyr Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Phe Arg Phe Cys Tyr Gln 14 SEQ ID NO: 14 Ser His Tyr Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Phe Arg Phe Cys Tyr Gln 15 SEQ ID NO: 15 Tyr Arg Thr Cys Arg Gly ^(D)Pro Arg Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln 16 SEQ ID NO: 16 Tyr Arg Thr Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Arg Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln 17 SEQ ID NO: 17 Tyr Arg Tyr Cys Arg Ala ^(D)Pro Phe Arg Phe Cys Tyr Gln 18 SEQ ID NO: 18 Tyr His Tyr Cys Ser Ala ^(D)Pro Phe Arg Tyr Cys Tyr Gln Example Sequ. ID P14 Template Purity%^(a)) [M + 2H]/2 1 SEQ ID NO: 1 Lys(Dsl) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 95 1182.1 2 SEQ ID NO: 2 Lys ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 95 1154.0 3 SEQ ID NO: 3 Gln ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 95 1283.6 4 SEQ ID NO: 4 Gln ^(D)ProAmPRO 95 1308.6 (FHS) 5 SEQ ID NO: 5 Gln ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 99 1286.6 6 SEQ ID NO: 6 Lys(FHS) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 95 1278.6 7 SEQ ID NO: 7 Lys(FITC) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 95 1237.5 8 SEQ ID NO: 8 Gln ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 95 1287.1 9 SEQ ID NO: 9 Gln ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 95 1464.0 10 SEQ ID NO: 10 Lys(ALX) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 84 1206.0 11 SEQ ID NO: 11 Lys(FITC) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 83 1195.5 12 SEQ ID NO: 12 Lys(FITC) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 50 1203.5 13 SEQ ID NO: 13 Lys(FITC) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 92 1222.0 14 SEQ ID NO: 14 Lys(FITC) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 48 1165.0 15 SEQ ID NO: 15 Lys(FITC) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 83 1206.0 16 SEQ ID NO: 16 Lys(FITC) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 95 1195.5 17 SEQ ID NO: 17 Lys(FITC) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 83 1203.5 18 SEQ ID NO: 18 Lys(FITC) ^(D)Pro^(L)Pro 85 1222.0 Cys in pos. 4 and 11 in Ex. 1-18 form a disulfide bridge, ^(a))%-purity of compounds after prep. HPLC

2. Biological Methods 2.1. Preparation of the Peptides

Lyophilized peptides were weighed on a Microbalance (Mettler MT5) and dissolved in sterile water to a final concentration of 1 mM unless stated otherwise. Stock solutions were kept at +4° C., light protected.

2.2. Ca²⁺⁻ Assay: CXCR4-Antagonizing Activity of the Peptides

Increases in intracellular calcium were monitored using a Flexstation 384 (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.) to assay the peptides for CXCR4 antagonism in a mouse pre-B cell line 300-19 stably transfected with human CXCR4. The cells were batch loaded with the Calcium 3 Assay kit (Molecular Devices) in assay buffer (Hanks Balanced salt solution, HBSS, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 0.1% BSA) for 1 h at room temperature and then 250,000 labeled cells were dispensed into black 96 well assays plates (Costar No. 3603). A 20-fold concentrated solution of peptide in assay buffer was added to the cells and the whole plate was centrifuged to settle the cells to the bottom of the wells. Calcium mobilization induced by 10 nM stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) was measured in the Flexstation 384 (excitation, 485 nM; emission, 525 nM) for 90 seconds. A maximal change in fluorescence response above baseline was used to calculate antagonist activity. The data for dose response curves (antagonist concentration versus % maximum response) were fitted to a four parameter logistic equation using SoftmaxPro 4.6 (Molecular Devices), from which IC₅₀% values were calculated.

2.3. Cytotoxicity Assay

The cytotoxicity of the peptides to HELA cells (Acc57) and COS-7 cells (CRL-1651) was determined using the MTT reduction assay [see ref. 5 and 6, below]. Briefly the method was as follows: HELA cells and COS-7 cells were seeded at 7.0·10³ and, respectively, 4.5·10³ cells per well and grown in 96-well microtiter plates for 24 hours at 37° C. at 5% CO₂. At this point, time zero (Tz) was determined by MTT reduction (see below). The supernatant of the remaining wells was discarded, and fresh medium and the peptides in serial dilutions of 12.5, 25 and 50 μM were pipetted into the wells. Each peptide concentration was assayed in triplicate. Incubation of the cells was continued for 48 hours at 37° C. at 5% CO₂. Wells were then washed once with PBS, and subsequently 100 μl MTT reagent (0.5 mg/mL in medium RPMI1640 and, respectively, DMEM) was added to the wells. This was incubated at 37° C. for 2 hours and subsequently the medium was aspirated and 100 μl isopropanol was added to each well. The absorbance at 595 nm of the solubilized product was measured (OD₅₉₅peptide). For each concentration averages were calculated from triplicates. The percentage of growth was calculated as follows: (OD₅₉₅peptide-OD₅₉₅Tz-OD₅₉₅Empty well)/(OD₅₉₅Tz-OD₅₉₅Empty well)×100% and was plotted for each peptide concentration.

The LC 50 values (Lethal Concentration, defined as the concentration that kills 50% of the cells) were determined for each peptide by using the trend line function of EXCEL (Microsoft Office 2000) for the concentrations (50, 25, 12.5 and 0 μM), the corresponding growth percentages and the value −50, (=TREND (C50:CO₃%50:%0,−50)). The GI 50 (Growth Inhibition) concentrations were calculated for each peptide by using a trend line function for the concentrations (50, 25, 12.5 and 0 μg/ml), the corresponding percentages and the value 50, (=TREND (C₅₀:C₀,%₅₀:%₀,50).

2.4. Hemolysis

The peptides were tested for their hemolytic activity against human red blood cells (hRBC). Fresh hRBC were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) by centrifugation for 10 min at 2000×g. Peptides at a concentration of 100 μM were incubated with 20% v/v hRBC for 1 hour at 37° C. The final erythrocyte concentration was approximately 0.9×10⁹ cells per ml. A value of 0% resp. 100% cell lysis was determined by incubation of the hRBC in the presence of PBS alone and respectively 0.1% Triton X-100 in H₂O. The samples were centrifuged and the supernatant was 20-fold diluted in PBS buffer and the optical density (OD) of the sample at 540 nM was measured. The 100% lysis value (0D₅₄₀H₂0) gave an OD₅₄₀ of approximately 1.3-1.8. Percent hemolysis was calculated as follows: (0D₅₄₀peptide/OD₅₄₀H₂0)×100%.

2.5 FACS® Analysis

CXCR4 expressing cells (5×10⁶/ml) [see references 1, 2 and 3, below] were incubated for 1 hour at 4° C. in a buffer containing HBSS+1% BSA with or without peptidomimetic-dye conjugates at the appropriate concentrations. After this incubation, the cells were washed twice in the same buffer and resuspended at 4×10⁶/ml in PBS and kept on ice until measurements were made. All measurements were made on a BD FACSCalibur™ instrument [see ref 4 below] at a wavelength of 530 nm and a total of 10,000 events were counted for each condition. Unlabeled CXCR4 cells and untransfected 300-19 cells were used to establish an appropriate gate for scoring positive and negative events. Four-parameter curve fitting was made from plots of % gated cells vs. concentration of fluorescent compound using Grafit (Erithacus Software).

2.6 In Vivo Metastasis Studies

CB-17 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice (5 weeks old) are injected intravenously into the tail vein with MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells (1 Mill cells)) and palpable masses are detected after 7-14 days of post implantant.

A non invasive in vivo fluorescence imaging apparatus is used to assess the efficacy of contrast agents of the present invention.

A laser matrix diode of a nominal wave length of 650 nm and a nominal power of 30 mW (RLT6530MG, Roithner Lasertechnik, Vienna, Austria) is used connected with a fiber optic bundle and a defocusing lens in position after the bundle. The detector is a CoolSNAP_(HQ) Monochrome CCD camera (Roper Scientific) with a Rodenstock 10 mm F2 lens and a filter is mounted in of the CCD input lens (XF3030, Omega optical Inc. USA) such that only emitted fluorescent light from the fluorescent peptide is detected. An image is taken of the animal before injection of the agent. This image is subsequently subtracted from the postadministration images. The false color image of fluorescence image intensity is measured at 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes after bolus injection of a 0.5 ml aqueous solution of the fluorescent peptide (0.5 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg). All experiments are performed with the mouse in a stationary position (mouse is anesthetisized and the skin area is shaved).

3.0. Results

The results of the experiments described under 2.2-2.4, above, are indicated in Table 2 herein below.

TABLE 2 Cytotoxicity IC₅₀ (nM) LC₅₀/GI₅₀ Hemolysis at Ex. Ca²⁺ assay Hela cells 100 μM 1 122.0 31 0 2 36.8 n.d. n.d. 3 16.4 n.d. n.d. 4 13.4 n.d. n.d. 5 4.9 n.d. n.d. 6 37.4 n.d. n.d. 7 0.9 n.d. n.d. 8 9.7 n.d. n.d. 9 500 n.d. n.d. 11 27.5 n.d. n.d. 12 6.9 n.d. n.d. 13 29.0 n.d. n.d. 14 30.4 n.d. n.d. 15 6.0 n.d. n.d. 16 4.2 n.d. n.d. 17 21.8 n.d. n.d. 18 >500 n.d. n.d. n.d.: not determined FACS Results

FIG. 1 shows histograms of untransfected cells (continuous line) or CXCR4 transfected cells (dotted line) labeled with peptidomimetic-dye conjugates and analyzed by FACS: 10,000 cells were analyzed for fluorescence intensity at 530 nm and plotted on a logarithmic scale on the X-axis vs. number of cells with a particular intensity on the Y-axis. The continuous line trace shows results from untransfected cells incubated with Ex. 4 and represents background fluorescence from any non-specific binding and cellular autofluorescence with 0.7% of cells binding compound. The dotted line plot is the histogram obtained from the CXCR4 expressing cells incubated with the compound. The shift to the right on the intensity scale indicates a ˜5-fold increase in fluorescence with >80% of the cells being positive for peptidomimetic-dye conjugates.

FIG. 2 shows the histograms from FACS analysis with Ex. 4 using different concentrations of Ex. 4 (0.1 nM, 1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM). Ex. 4 was incubated with CXCR4 cells and 10,000 cells from each sample were counted and measured for fluorescence intensity. Left-ward shift of the peak is indicative of increasing fluorescence/compound binding.

The cells were counted by FACS and the % of gated cells was plotted against the concentration of compound using data from the above histogram.

REFERENCES

-   1. Oberlin E, Amara A, Bachelerie F, Bessia C, Virelizier J-L,     Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Schwartz O, Heard J-M, Clark-Lewis I, Legler D     F, Loetscher M, Baggiolini M, Moser B. Nature. 1996, 382:833-835 -   2. Loetscher M, Geiser T, O'Reilly T, Zwalen R, Baggiolini M,     Moser B. J. Biol. Chem. 1994. 269:232-237 -   3. D'Apuuo M, Rolink A, Loetscher M, Hoxie J A, Clark-Lewis I,     Melchors F, Baggiolini M, Moser B. Eur. J. Immunol. 1997.     27:1788-1793 -   4. Coligan John E, Kruisbeek Ada M., Margulies David H, Shevach     Ethan M., Strober Warren Current Protocols in Immunology published     by John Wiley & Sons 1999 Brooklyn, N.Y. -   5. Mossman T. J. Immunol. Meth. 1983, 65:55-63 -   6. Berridge M V, Tan A S. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1993, 303:474-482 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of the general formula

wherein

is ^(D)Pro-^(L)Pro or ^(L)Pro-^(D)Pro and Z is a chain of 14 alpha-amino acid residues, the positions of said amino acid residues in the chain being counted starting from the N-terminal amino acid, whereby a N terminus of P1 is attached a C-terminus of said template, and a C-terminus of P14 is attached to a N terminus of said template, whereby these amino acid residues in positions 1 to 14 are: P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Cit; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: Trp; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Cit; and P14: Lys(Ds1) or P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Cit; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: Pro; P8: Dpr(Dsl); P9: Arg; P10: Trp; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Cit; and P14: Lys; or P1: Lys(FHS); P2: Arg; P3: Cit; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: Trp; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Cit; and P14: Gln; or P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Lys(FHS); P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: Trp; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Cit; and P14: Gln; or P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Thr; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: 2-Nal; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Cit; and P14: Lys(FHS); or P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Thr; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: 2-Nal; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Cit; and P14: Lys(FITC); or P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Cit; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: Trp; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Lys(FHS); and P14: Gln; or P1: Tyr; P2: Lys(FHS); P3: Cit; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: Trp; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Cit; and P14: Gln; or P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Thr; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: 2-Nal; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Cit; and P14: Lys(ALX); or P1: His; P2: His; P3: Gln; P4: Cys; PS: Ser; P6: Ala; P7: DPro; P8: Phe; P9: Arg; P10: Tyr; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Gln; and P14: Lys(FITC); or P1: Leu; P2: His; P3: Thr; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Ala; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: Tyr; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Gln; and P14: Lys(FITC); or P1: His; P2: His; P3: Tyr; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Ala; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Phe; P9: Arg; P10: Phe; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Gln; and P14: Lys(FITC); or P1: Ser; P2: His; P3: Tyr; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Ala; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Phe; P9: Arg; P10: Phe; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Gln; and P14: Lys(FITC); or P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Thr; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Gly; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: Tyr; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Gln; and P14: Lys(FITC); or P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Thr; P4: Cys; PS: Arg; P6: Ala; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Arg; P9: Arg; P10: Tyr; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Gln; and P14: Lys(FITC); or P1: Tyr; P2: Arg; P3: Tyr; P4: Cys; P5: Arg; P6: Ala; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Phe; P9: Arg; P10: Phe; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Gln; and P14: Lys(FITC); or P1: Tyr; P2: His; P3: Tyr; P4: Cys; PS: Ser; P6: Ala; P7: ^(D)Pro; P8: Phe; P9: Arg; P10: Tyr; P11: Cys; P12: Tyr; P13: Gln; and P14: Lys(FITC); with said Lys(Dsl) standing for L-N^(ε)-Dansyl-lysine, Dpr(Dsl) standing for L-N^(σ)-Dansyl-2,3-Diaminopropionic acid; Lys(FHS) standing for L-N^(ε)-Fluorescin-5(6)-carboxamidocaproic-lysin; Lys(FITC) standing for L-N^(ε)-Fluorescin-isomer I-lysine; and Lys(Alx) standing for L-N^(ε)-Alexa Fluor 647-lysine; with the proviso that Cys at P4 and P11 can form a disulfide bridge; and with the further proviso that the molecule contains at least one Lys(Dsl) and/or Lys(FHS) and/or Lys(FITC), and/or Lys(Alx) and/or Dpr(Dsl) moiety; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 2. Enantiomers of the compound of formula I as defined in claim
 1. 3. The compound according to claim 1 for use as therapeutically active substance and/or for diagnostic purpose.
 4. The compound according to claim 3 wherein said use is as having CXCR4 antagonizing activity and/or anticancer activity and/or for diagnostic purposes as imaging agents.
 5. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to claim 1 and a pharmaceutically inert carrier.
 6. The composition according to claim 5 in a form suitable for oral, topical, transdermal, injection, buccal, transmucosal, pulmonary or inhalation administration.
 7. The composition according to claim 5 in form of tablets, dragees, capsules, solutions, liquids, gels, plaster, creams, ointments, syrup, slurries, suspensions, spray, nebuliser or suppositories.
 8. A diagnostic kit for labelling tumor tissues or cells, containing an effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 9. A process for the manufacture of a compound according to claim 1 which process comprises (a) coupling an appropriately functionalized solid support with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is in position 6, 7 or 8, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (b) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (c) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is one position nearer the N-terminal amino acid residue, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (d) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (e) repeating steps (c) and (d) until the N-terminal amino acid residue has been introduced; (f) coupling the product thus obtained with a compound of the general formula

wherein

is as defined in claim 1 and X is an N-protecting group, (fa) coupling the product obtained in step (e) with an appropriately N-protected derivative of ^(L)Pro or ^(D)Pro; (fb) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; and (fc) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of ^(D)Pro and, respectively, ^(L)Pro; (g) removing the N-protecting group from the product obtained in step (f) or (fc); (h) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is in position 14, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (i) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (j) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is one position farther away from position 14, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (k) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (l) repeating steps (j) and (k) until all amino acid residues have been introduced; (m) if desired, selectively deprotecting one or several protected functional group(s) present in the molecule and appropriately substituting the reactive group(s) thus liberated, if required by attaching one or several residues of a Dye; (n) if desired, forming an interstrand linkages between the side-chains of Cys residues at positions P4 and P11; (o) detaching the product thus obtained from the solid support; (p) cyclizing the product cleaved from the solid support; (q) removing any protecting groups present on functional groups of any members of the chain of amino acid residues and, if desired, any protecting group(s) which may in addition be present in the molecule; and (r) if required, attaching one or several residues of a Dye; and (s) if desired, converting the product thus obtained into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or converting a pharmaceutically acceptable, or unacceptable, salt thus obtained into the corresponding free compound of formula I or into a different, pharmaceutically acceptable, salt.
 10. A process for the manufacture of a compound according to claim 1 which process comprises (a′) coupling an appropriately functionalized solid support with a compound of the general formula

wherein

is as defined in claim 1 and X is an N-protecting group, (a′a) coupling said appropriately functionalized solid support with an appropriately N-protected derivative of ^(L)Pro or ^(D)Pro; (a′b) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; and (a′c) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of ^(D)Pro and, respectively, ^(L)Pro; (b′) removing the N-protecting group from the product obtained in step (a′), or (a′c); (c′) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is in position 14, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (d′) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (e′) coupling the product thus obtained with an appropriately N-protected derivative of that amino acid which in the desired end-product is one position farther away, or from position 14, any functional group which may be present in said N-protected amino acid derivative being likewise appropriately protected; (f) removing the N-protecting group from the product thus obtained; (g′) repeating steps (e′) and (f) until all amino acid residues have been introduced; (h′) if desired, selectively deprotecting one or several protected functional group(s) present in the molecule and appropriately substituting the reactive group(s) thus liberated, if required by attaching one or several residues of a Dye; (i′) if desired, forming an interstrand linkages between the side-chains of Cys residues at opposite positions of the β-strand region; (j′) detaching the product thus obtained from the solid support; (k′) cyclizing the product cleaved from the solid support; (l′) removing any protecting groups present on functional groups of any members of the chain of amino acid residues and, if desired, any protecting group(s) which may in addition be present in the molecule; (m′) if required, attaching one or several residues of a Dye; and (n′) if desired, converting the product thus obtained into a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or converting a pharmaceutically acceptable, or unacceptable, salt thus obtained into the corresponding free compound of formula I or into a different, pharmaceutically acceptable, salt.
 11. The process according to claim 9 wherein the process is modified for the manufacture of enantiomers of the compounds in which enantiomers of all chiral starting materials are used. 